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physiology
cell terms
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| integumentary system | skin |
| interstitial fluids | Liquid found between the cells of the body that provides much of the liquid environment of the body. |
| homeostasis | the body’s inner equilibrium |
| catabolism | chemical reactions that create energy by breaking down complex substances (i.e. digestion of food, glycolysis) |
| anabolism | chemical reactions that utilize energy to build substances (i.e. tissue healing, bone development and mineralization, muscle mass gain) |
| hem/o | pertaining to the blood (i.e. hematologist) |
| ex/o | outside of (exocytosis) |
| end/o | inside of (endoscopy) |
| hyper | excessive, above too high (hypertension) |
| hypo | deficient, b elbow, too low (hypoglycemia) |
| phag/o | to eat, to ingest (phagocytosis) |
| inter | between (interstitial fluids) |
| cell membrane | regulates the passage of substances in and out of the cell. consists of phospholipid bilayer, cholesterol and proteins. |
| nucleus | contains dna |
| ribosomes | protein production |
| mitochondria | produces energy (ATP) for all cell functions |
| cytoplasm | gelatinous fluid that fills the inside of the cell (made of water, salts, organic molecules) |
| endoplasmic reticulum (rough) | protein folding and specialization |
| endoplasmic reticulum (smooth) | lipids and steroid production, calcium storage |
| golgi apparatus | packages proteins and lipids for secretion out of the cell |
| lysosome | contains enzymes that play a role in cell death |
| mitosis | single somatic cell divides into two identical daughter cells containing the same amount of genetic information as the original cell |
| meiosis | single reproductive cell divides twice, producing four different daughter cells containing half the amount of genetic information than the original cell |
| DNA | désoxyribonucléique acid is the molecule that carries genetic information for the development and functioning of an organism |
| chromosomes | storage unit for DNA wrapped around histones |
| histones | proteins that provide structural support to chromosomes (and play a role in gene expression) |
| helicase | an enzyme that unwinds DNA during DNA division/mitosis |
| DNA polymerase | enzyme that pairs the opposite nucleotide base pair (A/T & G/C) with unwound DNA to produce two identical DNA strands during DNA division/mitosis |
| telomeres | region at the end of a chromosome that protects from tangling and fraying. with age it shortens, indicating when the cell reaches the end of its life span |
| transcription | DNA segment is codend into RNA for a particular bodily need |
| translation | RNA code is used to produce a chain of amino acids |
| protein makeup | coded chain of amino acids create a specific protein to fulfill that bodily need (occurs in ribosome) |
| protein folding | protein structures are further specialized in the endoplasmic reticulum |
| concentration gradient | the contrast be |
| cell membrane | regulates the passage of substances in and out of the cell. consists of phospholipid bilayer, cholesterol and proteins. |
| nucleus | contains dna |
| ribosomes | protein production |
| mitochondria | produces energy (ATP) for all cell functions |
| cytoplasm | gelatinous fluid that fills the inside of the cell (made of water, salts, organic molecules) |
| endoplasmic reticulum (rough) | protein folding and specialization |
| endoplasmic reticulum (smooth) | lipids and steroid production, calcium storage |
| golgi apparatus | packages proteins and lipids for secretion out of the cell |
| lysosome | contains enzymes that play a role in cell death |
| mitosis | single somatic cell divides into two identical daughter cells containing the same amount of genetic information as the original cell |
| meiosis | single reproductive cell divides twice, producing four different daughter cells containing half the amount of genetic information than the original cell |
| DNA | désoxyribonucléique acid is the molecule that carries genetic information for the development and functioning of an organism |
| chromosomes | storage unit for DNA wrapped around histones |
| histones | proteins that provide structural support to chromosomes (and play a role in gene expression) |
| helicase | an enzyme that unwinds DNA during DNA division/mitosis |
| DNA polymerase | enzyme that pairs the opposite nucleotide base pair (A/T & G/C) with unwound DNA to produce two identical DNA strands during DNA division/mitosis |
| telomeres | region at the end of a chromosome that protects from tangling and fraying. with age it shortens, indicating when the cell reaches the end of its life span |
| transcription | DNA segment is codend into RNA for a particular bodily need |
| translation | RNA code is used to produce a chain of amino acids |
| protein makeup | coded chain of amino acids create a specific protein to fulfill that bodily need (occurs in ribosome) |
| protein folding | protein structures are further specialized in the endoplasmic reticulum |
| concentration gradient | the contrast be |
| passive transport | transport across the cell membrane that requires no energy expenditure |
| simple diffusion | a type of passive transport. small non-polar and lipid soluble molecules like CO2 and O2 move freely across the membrane. |
| facilitated diffusion | a type of passive transport. protein mediators let specific substance through like water, amino acids, polar ions. no energy is lost. |
| osmosis | water transport through the cell membrane. (passive, no energy lost) |
| active transport | transport across the cell membrane that requires energy expenditure. travels against a concentration gradient |
| primary active transport | a type of active transport that relies on ATP hydrolysis via ATPase into ADP and a phosphate group to transport a compound across the cell membrane against a concentration gradient |
| ATPases | enzymes that catalyze the breakdown of ATP into ADP and a free phosphate ion, releasing energy. |
| membranes potential | the difference in electric potential between the interior and the exterior of a biological cell |
| intercellular signals | between cells |
| ligand | chemical messenger |
| agonist | a ligand which activates receptors and cellular response |
| antagonist | ligand which inhibits communication by blocking agonists from interacting with the receptor |
| enzymes | proteins that increase the rate of chemical reactions (catalysts). they promote activation and breakdown of compounds. they are not consumed during these reactions. |
| glycogen | sugar is stored as this compound, mainly in the liver and also in the muscles |
| glycogenolysis | the process which converts glycogen back to glucose to be turned into ATP |
| adipocytes | fat cells which are the main energy storage in the body |
| cellular respiration | the biological process by which cells break down glucose in the presence of oxygen to produce energy in the form of ATP. waste products are co2 and h2o |
| lactic acid | produced as a product of anaerobic cellular respiration |
| aerobic cellular respiration | common method of cellular respiration. proteins, carbs, and fats converted to acetyl-CoA, enter the krebs cycle, then electron transport chain in mitochondria |
| anaerobic cellular respiration | uncommon method of cellular respiration used when oxygen lack in tissues. byproduct is lactic acid, does not use mitochondria. inefficient. |
Created by:
makgriffin