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Bio 180
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| steps tp read a graph | 1) Read the axes, 2) Identify what the data points represent, 3) Determine the overall trend or message. |
| what does line of best fit show | The relationship between x and y variables; can be straight or curved; summarizes data trends. |
| hen are scattre plots used | For continuous data, showing individual data points; may include a line of best fit. |
| when is bar chart used | Categorical or discrete data; bar height usually shows the mean; used to compare groups. |
| When is a histogram used? | Shows frequency of values in intervals; X-axis = value ranges, Y-axis = frequency or percentage; often forms a bell curve. |
| what is precision | How closely repeated measurements agree with each other. |
| what is accuracy | How close a measurement is to the true or accepted value. |
| what is standard deviation | Measures variability in a population; ~95% of values fall within ±2 SD. |
| what does standrad error of the mean mean | Measures uncertainty in the mean; formula: SEM = SD / √sample size; decreases as sample size increases. |
| what is null hypothesis | A statement that there is no effect or difference; e.g., reactant concentration has no effect on reaction rate. |
| what is a p value | Probability of getting a test statistic at least as extreme as observed if H₀ is true; smaller P → stronger evidence against H₀. |
| what is both and rule | Probability of two independent events both occurring: P(A and B) = P(A) × P(B) |
| what is either or rule | Probability that an event occurs in two or more alternative ways: P(A or B) = P(A) + P(B) |
| whagt is chi square used for | Compare observed vs. expected data; tests null hypothesis; common in genetics. |
| what is t test used for | Compare means of two groups to see if the difference is significant. |
| anova used for ? | Compare means of two or more groups; test multiple factors; for two groups, same result as T-test. |
| what is regression/correlation? | Used to see if there is a relationship between variables; often paired with scatterplots and lines of best fit. |
| diploid 2n | Two sets of chromosomes (one from each parent). |
| haploid n | One set of chromosomes (gametes). |
| ploidy | Number of chromosome sets in a cell. |
| chromosome | DNA molecule; may be replicated or unreplicated. |
| chromatid | One copy of a replicated chromosome. |
| sister chromatids | Identical chromatids joined at the centromere. |
| homologous chromosomes | Same genes, possibly different alleles. |
| what did Sutton and Beverly discover | Genes are located on chromosomes, and meiosis explains Mendel’s laws. |
| what is a locus | The specific position of a gene on a chromosome. |
| what causes principle of segregation | Separation of homologous chromosomes during meiosis I. |
| why do alles come in pairs | Because chromosomes come in homologous pairs. |
| what causes inepdenant assortmnet | Random alignment of homologous chromosomes at metaphase I. |
| what is the chromosome theory of inheritance | Genes are on chromosomes, and chromosome behavior explains inheritance. |
| what is wild type | The most common phenotype in a population. |
| what is a mutant | An individual with a phenotype caused by a mutation. |
| why is drosphilia useful genetics | Short generation time, many offspring, easy to study. |
| what does x linked mean | The gene is located on the X chromosome. |
| Why do males show X-linked recessive traits more often? | They have only one X chromosome. |
| What does a different result in reciprocal crosses suggest? | trait is sex linked |
| What confirmed that chromosomes carry genes? | Morgan’s discovery of X-linked inheritance. |
Created by:
sahra_abdinoor