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chp7 anat/physio
| Question | |
|---|---|
| blood | Circulates through arteries and veins in the circulatory system, carrying nutrients, oxygen, and immune cells. |
| lymph | Clear or slightly yellow fluid that travels through lymphatic vessels, removing wastes, toxins, and harmful substances from tissues. |
| lymphatic system | Network of organs, tissues, and vessels that manufacture, transport, and filter lymph; key part of the immune system. |
| lymphatic vessels | Capillaries and ducts that carry lymph from tissues to the bloodstream, containing one-way valves to ensure flow toward the thoracic cavity. |
| right lymphatic duct | Drains lymph from the right arm, right side of the head, and thorax into the bloodstream. |
| thoracic duct | Drains lymph from the lower right side and left side of the body into the bloodstream. |
| lacteals | Specialized lymphatic vessels in the small intestine villi that absorb nutrients and remove waste products. |
| lymph nodes | Small, bean-shaped structures that filter lymph and produce lymphocytes to detect and destroy foreign cells. |
| tonsils | Lymphatic tissue forming a protective ring in the pharynx and nasal cavity; includes palatine, lingual, and pharyngeal (adenoids) tonsils. |
| thymus | Gland in the upper chest that secretes thymosin, stimulating T cell production and maturation. |
| spleen | Largest lymphatic organ; filters blood, destroys old red blood cells, produces lymphocytes, stores platelets, and acts as a blood reservoir. |
| liver | Filters blood, destroys worn-out red blood cells, and stores healthy erythrocytes; supports immune function. |
| Peyer’s patches | Lymphatic tissue in the small intestine walls that protect against digestive tract pathogens. |
| leukocytes | White blood cells that perform immune system functions; produced mainly in the bone marrow. |
| polymorphonuclear leukocytes (granulocytes) | Leukocytes with multi-segmented nuclei and granules; include neutrophils, eosinophils, and basophils. |
| mononuclear leukocytes (agranulocytes) | Leukocytes with a single nucleus and no granules; include monocytes and lymphocytes. |
| neutrophils | Granulocytes that destroy pathogens by phagocytosis (“cell eating”). |
| eosinophils | Granulocytes that attack parasites and respond in allergic reactions. |
| basophils | Granulocytes containing histamine and heparin; involved in inflammation and allergic responses. |
| monocytes | Agranulocytes that ingest and dispose of dead or dying cells; become macrophages in tissues. |
| macrophages | Monocytes in tissues that engulf pathogens and activate other immune cells. |
| lymphocytes | Agranulocytes involved in immune surveillance; include T cells and B cells. |
| T cells | Lymphocytes that mature in the thymus and mediate cell-mediated immunity. |
| cytotoxic T cells (T8) | T cells that destroy harmful antigens and infected cells. |
| helper T cells (T4) | T cells that help B cells recognize antigens and stimulate antibody production. |
| natural killer (NK) cells | Lymphocytes that target virus-infected and cancer cells. |
| suppressor T cells | T cells that slow or stop B and T cell activity once a pathogen is controlled. |
| B cells | Lymphocytes that transform into plasma cells and secrete antibodies in humoral immunity. |
| immunoglobulins (antibodies) | Proteins secreted by plasma cells to target antigens; include IgA, IgD, IgE, IgG, and IgM. |
| IgA | Antibodies in respiratory and gastrointestinal tracts, saliva, tears, and breast milk. |
| IgD | Antibodies in blood plasma that attach to B cell surfaces as antigen receptors. |
| IgE | Antibodies that trigger histamine release in allergic and inflammatory responses. |
| IgG | Main antibodies in blood plasma, providing defense and fetal immunity via the placenta. |
| IgM | Antibodies that help fight blood infections and act as strong agglutinating agents. |
| immunity | Ability to resist pathogens and toxins that cause infection or disease. |
| natural immunity | Immunity present at birth, including phagocytosis by macrophages and NK cell activity. |
| acquired immunity | Immunity developed after exposure to specific pathogens or through vaccination. |
| acquired active immunity | Immunity developed through infection or vaccination; involves memory cell formation. |
| acquired passive immunity | Short-term immunity obtained from antibodies produced outside the body; includes maternal antibodies and gamma globulin injections. |
| vaccination | Introduction of a modified pathogen or toxin to stimulate antibody production for acquired active immunity. |
| antibody transfer | Transfer of immunity via blood transfusions, maternal antibodies, or lab-produced gamma globulins. |
| bone marrow transplant | Procedure that replaces diseased bone marrow with healthy marrow to restore immune function. |
Created by:
ush