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RAD115 UpExt
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| When is a grid used? | humerus and shoulder studies |
| proximal humerus anatomical features | - greater and lesser tubercles - intertubercular groove (also called bicipital groove) - depression in bone that separates the tubercles |
| head of humerus | - on the proximal side - articulates with the glenoid fossa (of the scapula) |
| anatomical neck of humerus | - separates head from the shaft of humerus |
| surgical neck of humerus | - common site of fracture and surgical approach |
| distal humerus anatomical features | - medial and lateral epicondyles - capitulum - articulates with head of the radius - trochlea - articulates with trochlear notch (of ulna) |
| olecranon fossa | - receives the olecranon process when elbow is extended |
| clavicle | - one of two bones making up shoulder girdle - classified as a long bone - lateral aspect - acromial extremity - medial aspect - sternal extremity |
| scapula | - classified as a flat bone - lies at 45-60 degree angle in relation to the anatomic position - 3 borders - lateral (axillary), medial (vertebral), and superior - 3 angles - lateral, inferior, and superior |
| notable features of scapula | - acromion (articulates with clavicle) - coracoid - glenoid fossa (articulates with humerus) |
| acromion | - articulates with clavicle - bony, highest point of shoulder |
| coracoid | - hook shaped bony projection on shoulder blade |
| essential projection of the humerus (1 of 2) | AP --- epicondyles parallel to IR --- 40" SID, 14X17" --- include humerus, shoulder joint, and elbow joint --- greater tubercle seen in profile --- CR mid shaft |
| essential projection of the humerus (2 of 2) | Lateral --- dorsal surface of hand on thigh --- condyle perpendicular to IR --- lesser tubercle seen in profile --- both joints shown in entirety |
| Essential projections of the shoulder | - AP internal - AP external - AP oblique (grashey) - Lateral (Y-view) |
| AP Shoulder - external rotation | - arm abducted slightly - palm supinated (facing forward) - epicondyles parallel to IR - 40" SID - CR centered 1" inferior to the coracoid process - include lateral clavicle, glenohumeral joint - suspend respiration |
| AP shoulder - internal rotation | - CR centered to 1" inferior to coracoid process - SID 40" - include glenohumeral joint, lateral clavicle - suspend respiration |
| AP oblique shoulder / Grashey method | - Affected shoulder against IR - patient internally roates arm, placing palm against abdomen - patient rotated 35-45 degrees toward affected side - SID 40", 10x12" - include adjacent scapula with surrounding tissue - suspend respiration |
| Lateral shoulder - "Scap Y" | - Affected shoulder against IR - Patient rotated 45-60 degrees affected side - Patient instructed to raise affected arm and place hand on opposite shoulder - Scapula perpendicular to IR - 40" suspend respiration |
| Essential projections of the clavicle | - AP - AP axial |
| AP clavicle | - CR centered midshaft of the clavicle - SID 40" - sternoclavicular joint and acromioclavicular - suspend respiration |
| AP axial clavicle | - CR 15-30 degrees cephalad, centered to midshaft - include sternoclavicular joint to acromioclavicular joint - Clavicle will appear straighter |
| ALL UPPER EXTREMITY SHOTS | Shoulder - internal, external, AP oblique. PA Scap Y Clavicle - AP, AP axial - Humerus - AP, lateral |
| which shot displays the greater tubercle in profile? | AP humerus |
| which shot displays the lesser tubercle in profile? | lateral humerus |
| For which shot is landscape mode used? | Y scap (shoulder) |
| transthoracic lateral - "The Lawrence Method" | - Used if trauma prevents patient from rotating arm - patient supine on a stretcher, affected side against board, horizontal CR - unaffected arm is raised above head and CR passes through thorax - Full inspiration, increase exposure time to 3-4 seconds |
| inferosuperior axial - also called "Lawrence Method" | - used if trauma prevents patient from rotating arm - patient placed supine on stretcher, IR against superior shoulder - affected arm abducted, central ray passes through inferior aspect at 15-30 degree angle |
| superoinferior axial | - seat the patient on the end of the table on a stool high enough to enable extension of the shoulder over the IR - have the patient lean laterally over the IR - CR angled 5-15 degrees through shoulder toward elbow |
| west point method | - used for chronic instability of the shoulder and to show bony abnormalities of the anterior inferior glenoid rim - |
| most fractured bone in body | clavicle |
| AC Joints - Pearson Method | - used to evaluate joint separation - weight bearing and non-weight bearing views |
| Hill-Sachs Defect | - Impacted fracture of posterolateral aspect of the humeral head with dislocation |
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