Cycle of the scientific method

Observation -> Hypothesis -> Prediction -> Experimentation -> Conclusion

Variables that are kept the same as to not have multiple variables possible affecting the dependent variable

Controlled Variables (Constants)

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General Science

Question	Answer
Process to aid in scientific experimentation and observation	Scientific Method
Cycle of the scientific method	Observation -> Hypothesis -> Prediction -> Experimentation -> Conclusion
Proposed explanation for a narrow set of phenomena	Hypothesis
Broad, well-supported explanation for a wide range of phenomena	Theory
Statement that describes what happens under an observation, but not why	Law
Variable that is changed in an experiment	Independent Variable
Variable that is measured in response to a change in an experiment	Dependent Variable
Variables that are kept the same as to not have multiple variables possible affecting the dependent variable	Controlled Variables (Constants)
Group that does not receive experimental treatment in an experiment	Control Group
Formulated his three laws of motion	Isaac Newton
Formulated his law of universal gravitation	Isaac Newton
Math discipline developed independently by Newton	Calculus
Developed the theory of special relativity	Albert Einstein
Discovered energy-mass equivalence	Albert Einstein
Earned the Nobel Prize for explaining the photoelectric effect	Albert Einstein
Wrote "On the Origin of Species"	Charles Darwin
Coined the term "radioactivity"	Marie and Pierre Curie
Discovered polonium and radium	Marie and Pierre Curie
First woman to win a Nobel Prize	Marie Curie
Developed pasteurization	Louis Pasteur
Developed the first vaccines for rabies and anthrax	Louis Pasteur
Created germ theory	Louis Pasteur
SI unit of length	Meter
SI unit of mass	Kilogram
SI unit of time	Second
SI unit of current	Ampere
SI unit for temperature	Kelvin
SI unit for amount of a substance	Mole
SI unit for luminous intensity	Candela
Prefix for 10^-6	Micro-
Prefix for 10^-9	Nano-
Cylindrical container with a flat bottom used for mixing	Beaker
Cone-shaped flask with a narrow neck used for titration	Erlenmeyer Flask
Tall, cylindrical piece of glassware used for measuring liquid	Graduated Cylinder
Flask with a long neck used to hold a known amount of a specific substance	Volumetric Flask
Small glass tube used to hold and mix small amounts of chemicals	Test Tube
Gas burner used for heating, sterilization, and combustion	Bunsen Burner
Biological communities of interacting organisms and their physical environment	Ecosystem
Living factors that affect an ecosystem	Biotic Factors
Non-living factors that affect an ecosystem	Abiotic Factors
Organisms that create their own food	Autotrophs (Producers)
Organisms that obtain energy from eating other organisms	Heterotrophs (Consumers)
Organisms that break down organic matter and return it to the soil	Decomposers
Percentage of energy that transfers from one trophic level to the next	10%
Biome with high temperature, high rainfall, and high biodiversity	Tropical Rainforest
Biome with low rainfall	Desert
Biome with seasonal rainfall that is dominated by grasses	Savanna
Biome with four distinct seasons and trees that lose their leaves in the fall	Deciduous Forest
Biome with long winters and coniferous trees	Taiga
Biome with extremely low temperature and a layer of permafrost	Tundra
Properties that don't depend on amount of substance	Intensive
Mass per unit volume	Density
Density equation	⍴ = m/V
Density symbol	⍴ (rho)
SI unit of density	kg/(m^3)
State of matter with definite shape and volume	Solid
State of matter with definite volume but not definite shape	Liquid
State of matter with no definite shape or volume	Gas
State of matter with ionized particles	Plasma
Most common state of matter in the universe	Plasma
Resistance to localized plastic deformation	Hardness
Ability to deform under stress and return to its original state after stress stops being applied	Elasticity
Ability to undergo permanent deformation	Plasticity
Reasoning that goes from general to specific	Deductive Reasoning
Reasoning that is always true if the premise is true	Deductive Reasoning
Reasoning that goes from specific to general	Inductive Reasoning
Primary form of reasoning used in to create hypotheses and theories in science	Inductive Reasoning
Study of the distribution and determinants of diseases and other health-related events	Epidemiology
Constant presence of a disease in a geographical region	Endemic
Sudden increase in presence of a disease in a geographical region	Epidemic
Spread of an increased presence of a disease over many geographical areas	Pandemic
Inanimate objects contaminated with a pathogen	Fomites
Living organisms that carry a pathogen from one host to another	Vectors
Protection to all individuals in a community from a pathogen by most individuals having resistance	Herd Immunity
Determining the age of rock and fossil relative to each other	Relative Dating
Determining the absolute age of rock and fossil by analyzing radioactive elements within them	Radiometric Dating
Time it takes for half of a radioactive isotope to decay	Half-Life
Half-life of carbon-14	5730 Years
Used for short time frames in radiometric dating	Carbon-14
What carbon-14 decays into	Nitrogen-14
Half-life of uranium-238	4.5 Billion Years
Used for long time frames in radiometric dating	Uranium-238
What uranium-238 decays into	Lead-206
Process where a system's output is returned as a new input	Feedback Loop
Feedback loop where the output suppresses the original stimulus	Negative Feedback Loop
Feedback Loop where the output amplifies the original stimulus	Positive Feedback Loop
Experiment that used a heated pool of water, a gaseous mixture, and sparks to stimulate the early earth	Miller-Urey Experiment
Theory proved possible by the Miller-Urey experiment	Abiogenesis
Biological molecules created in the Miller-Urey experiment	Amino Acids
Experiment that used an interferometer in a pool of mercury to split beams of light	Michelson-Morley Experiment
Disproved by the Michelson-Morley experiment	Luminiferous Aether
Experiment that injected mice with different test strains of Streptococcus pneumoniae to analyze how bacteria made people sick	Griffith Experiment
Numerical measure of data	Quantitative
Descriptive measure of data	Qualitative
Measure of closeness to the correct value	Accuracy
Measure of closeness of repeated measurements or tests to each other	Precision
Mutual relationship between multiple variables, where changing one involves a predictable change in another	Correlation
Mutual relationship between variables where one is the specific cause of change in another	Causation
Variable that causes correlated variables to change	Confounding Variable
Invention made by James Watt that had improved efficiency from combustion engines	Steam Engine
Invention by Michael Faraday that used induction to create torque and convert electric energy to mechanical energy	Electric Motor
Invention that uses semiconductors and is the basis for modern electronics	Transistor
Waves that require a medium to travel through	Mechanical Waves
Waves that do not require a medium to travel through	Electromagnetic Waves
Lowest frequency electromagnetic waves	Radio Waves
Highest frequency electromagnetic waves	Gamma Waves
Distance that light travels in one year in a vacuum	Light-Year
Idea that states that a hypothesis or theory must be testable, and conceivably able to be proven wrong	Falsifiability
Set of fundamental concepts, theories, and methods adopted by the scientific community during a certain time frame	Paradigm
Man who argued that science develops in periodic paradigm shifts	Thomas Kuhn
Man who introduced falsifiability	Karl Popper

Created by: KatieThiel

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