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AP world unit 4
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Hernan Cortes | Spanish conquistador who led the expedition that conquered the Aztec Empire in modern Mexico. |
| Great Dying | Term used to describe the devastating demographic impact of European-borne epidemic diseases on the Americas; in many cases, up to 90 percent of the pre-Columbian population died. |
| Little Ice age | A period of unusually cool temperatures from the thirteenth to nineteenth centuries, most prominently in the Northern Hemisphere |
| General Crisis | The near-record cold winters experienced in much of China, Europe, and North America in the mid-seventeenth century, sparked by the Little Ice Age; extreme weather conditions led to famines, uprisings, and wars. |
| The Columbian Exchange | The enormous network of transatlantic communication, migration, trade, and the transfer of diseases, plants, and animals that began in the period of European exploration and colonization of the Americas. |
| mercantilism | The economic theory that governments served their countries’ economic interests best by encouraging exports and accumulating bullion (precious metals such as silver and gold); helped fuel European colonialism. |
| mulattoes | Term commonly used for people of mixed African and European blood. |
| mestizo | A term used to describe the mixed-race population of Spanish colonial societies in the Americas, most prominently the product of unions between Spanish men and Native American women. |
| settler colonies | Imperial territories in which Europeans settled permanently in substantial numbers. Used in reference to the European empires in the Americas generally and particularly to the British colonies of North America. |
| Indian Ocean commercial network | The massive, interconnected web of commerce in premodern times between the lands that bordered the Indian Ocean (including East Africa, India, and Southeast Asia); the network was transformed as Europeans entered it in the centuries following 1500. |
| trading post empire | Form of imperial dominance based on control of trade through military power rather than on control of peoples or territories. |
| Philippines (Spanish) | colonized by Spain in a relatively bloodless process that extended for the century or so after 1565, a process accompanied by a major effort at evangelization; the Spanish named them the Philippine Islands in honor of King Philip II of Spain. |
| Manila | The capital of the colonial Philippines, which by 1600 had become a flourishing and culturally diverse city; the site of violent clashes between the Spanish and Chinese. |
| British East India Company | Private trading company chartered by the English around 1600, mainly focused on India; it was given a monopoly on Indian |
| Dutch East India Company | Private trading company chartered by the Netherlands around 1600, mainly focused on Indonesia; |
| “silver drain” | Term often used to describe the siphoning of money from Europe to pay for the luxury products of the East |
| piece of eight | The standard Spanish silver coin used by merchants in North America, Europe, India, Russia, West Africa, and China. |
| Potosi | City that developed high in the Andes (in present-day Bolivia) at the site of the world’s largest silver mine and that became the largest city in the Americas |
| Fur trade | A global industry in which French, British, and Dutch traders exported fur from North America to Europe, using Native American labor and with great environmental cost to the Americas |
| “soft gold” | Nickname used in the early modern period for animal furs, highly valued for their warmth and as symbols of elite status. |
| transatlantic slave system | Between 1500 and 1866, this trade in human beings took an estimated 12.5 million people from African societies, shipped them across the Atlantic in the Middle Passage, and deposited some 10.7 million of them in the Americas as slaves; |
| African diaspora | The global spread of African peoples via the slave trade. |
| maroon societies/Palmares | Free communities of former slaves in remote regions of South America and the Caribbean; the largest such settlement was Palmares in Brazil, |
| signares | The small number of African women who were able to exercise power and accumulate wealth through marriage to European traders. |
| Benin | West African kingdom (in what is now Nigeria) whose strong kings for a time sharply limited engagement with the slave trade |
| Dahomey | West African kingdom in which the slave trade became a major state-controlled industry. |
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sandkyrie6