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Chapter 5
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| evolution | as a general term, means "change over time." |
| gene | is a sequence of DNA that codes for a particular trait |
| mutation | are changes in DNA. Mutations can give rise to genetic variation among individuals |
| genetic drift | Sometimes an unusual event, like a natural disaster or run-in with a fishing net (Figure 1d), kills or somehow separates all but a few individuals from a population |
| natural selection | is the process by which traits that improve an organism's chances for survival and repro- duction are passed on more frequently to future generations |
| fitness | describes how reproductively successful an organism is in its environment. A heritable trait that increases an individual's fitness is called an adaptation |
| adaptation | Fitness describes how reproductively successful an organism is in its environment. A heritable trait that increases an individual's fitness is called an adaptation. |
| artificial selection | he results of natural selection are all around us, visible in every adaptation of every organism |
| speciation | The process by which new species are generated is called speciation |
| extinction | The disappearance of a species from Earth is called extinction |
| niche | describes its use of resources and its functional role in a community |
| tolerance | Where and how an organism lives is influenced by its tolerance |
| resource partitioning | Over time, competing species may evolve to occupy only their realized niches |
| predation | s the process by which an individual of one species, a predator, hunts, captures, kills, and con- sumes an individual of another species, the prey |
| coevolution | is the process by which two species evolve in response to changes in each other. A change in one species, therefore, is usually followed by a change in the other. A newt, for example, might evolve toxins that kill animals that prey on it |
| parasitism | is a relationship in which one organism, the parasite, depends on another, the host, for nourishment or some other benefit |
| symbiosis | as a long-lasting and physically close rela- tionship in which at least one organism benefits |
| herbivory | The interaction in which an animal feeds on a plant is called herbivory |
| mutualism | A relationship in which two or more species benefit is called mutualism |
| commensalism | describes a relationship in which one species benefits and the other is unaffected (+/0) |
| primary producer | Organisms called autotrophs or primary producers, like the plant shown in Figure 18, capture energy from the sun or from chemicals and store it in the bonds of sugars, making energy available to the rest of the community |
| photosynthesis | is the process by which primary producers use sunlight to convert carbon dioxide and water into sugars, releasing oxygen along the water |
| chemosynthesis | Chemosynthesis can be summarized as: 6CO2+6H2O + 3H2S→ C6H12O6 (sugar) + 3H2SO4 |
| consumer | Consumers, like those in Figure 20, make use of the chemical energy stored by photosynthesis or chemosynthesis in a process called cellular respiration |
| cellular respiration | is the process by which organisms use oxygen to release the chemical energy of sugars such as glucose, releasing carbon dioxide and water as a byproduct |
| herbivore | Most primary consumers, such as deer and grasshoppers, eat plants and are called herbivores |
| carnivore | consumers kill and eat other animals and are called carnivores. Animals |
| omnivore | Animals that eat both plant and animal food are called omnivores |
| decomposer | such as fungi and bacteria, break down nonliving matter into simpler parts that can then be taken up and reused by primary producers. |
| succession | When this occurs, a community experiences a somewhat predictable series of changes over time that ecologists call succession |
| primary succession | When a disturbance is so severe that no vegeta- tion or soil life remains, primary succession occurs |
| pioneer species | This can occur when glaciers retreat, lakes dry up, or volcanic lava or ash spreads across the landscape. Species that colonize the newly exposed land first are called pioneer species |
| secondary succession | Secondary Succession Secondary succession, unlike primary suc- cession, begins when a disturbance, such as a fire, logging, or farming, dramatically alters an existing community but does not destroy all living things or all organic matter in the soi |
| invasive species | An invasive species is a nonnative organism that spreads widely in a community. Invasive species are one type of community disturbance and a major problem in many parts of the world. The zebra mussel is an example of an invasive species |
| detritivore | such as millipedes and soil insects, consume detritus-nonliving organic matter including leaf litter, waste products and the Dead bodies of other community members. |
| trophic level | an organisms's trophic level is its rank in a feeding hierarchy |
| biomass | is the total amount of living tissue it contains |
| food chain | is a linear series of feeding relation ships |
| food web | is a visual map of feeding relationships and energy flow showing the many paths by which energy and nutrients pass among organisms as they consume one another |
| keystone species | shown in figure 27a a keystone is the wedge-shaped stone at the top of an arch that holds the structure together. |
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