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chapter 5
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| gene | is a sequence of DNA that codes for a particular trait |
| evolution | as a general term means "change over time" |
| mutations | are changes in dna |
| genetic drift | biological evolution that occurs by chance is called |
| natural selection | is the process by which traits that improve an organisms chance for survival and reproduction are passed on more frequently to future generations than those that do not |
| fitness | describes how reproductively successful an organism is in its enviroment |
| adaption | a heritable trait that increases an individuals fitness is called |
| artificial selection | this process of selection conducted under human direction is termed |
| speciation | the process by which new species are generated is called |
| extinction | the disappearance of a species from earth is called |
| niche | describes its use of resources and its functional role in a community |
| tolerance | is the ability to survive and reproducde under changing enviromental conditions |
| resource partitioning | because the species partition or divided the resource they use in common by specializing in different ways |
| predation | is the process by which an individual of one species a predator hunts captures and kills and consumes and individuals of another species the prey |
| coevolution | is the process by which two species evolve in response to change in each other |
| parasitism | is a relationship in which one organism the parasite depends on another the host for nourishment or some other benefit |
| symbiosis | as a long lasting and physically close relationship in which at least one organism benefits |
| herbivory | the interactions in which an animal feeds on a plant called |
| mutualism | a relationship in which two or more species benefit is called |
| commensalism | describes a relationship in which one species benefits and the other is unaffected |
| primary producers | capture energy from the sun or from chemicals and store it in the bonds of sugars making energy available to the rest of the community |
| cellular respiration | Is the process by which primary producers use sunlight convert to carbon dioxide and water into sugars releasing oxygen along the way |
| chemosynthesis | instead primary producers such as bacteria use energy stored in the bonds of hydrogen sulfide to convert carbon dioxide and water into sugars in a process called |
| consumers | organisms that rely on other organisms for energy and nutrients are called |
| photosynthesis | is the process by which organisms use oxygen to release the chemical energy of sugars such as glucose releasing carbon dioxide and water as a byproduct |
| herbivores | most primary consumers such as deer and grasshoppers eat plants and are called |
| carnivores | most secondary consumers and tertiary consumers kill and eat other animals they are called animals that eat both plants and animals food are called |
| detritivores | such as millipedes and soil insects consumes detritus nonliving organic matter including leaf litter wast products and the dead bodies of other community members such as millipedes and soil insects consumes detritus nonliving organic matter including leaf |
| decomposers | such as fungi and bacteria break down nonliving matter into simpler parts that can then be taken up and reused by primary producers |
| trophic level | is its rank up in feeding hierarchy |
| biomass | is the total amount of living tissue it contains so although a snake weighs more than a mouse the total snake biomass is much less than the total biomass of mice |
| food chain | is a linear series of feeding relationships |
| food web | is a visual map of feeding relationships and energy flow showing the many paths by which energy and nutrients pass among organisms as they consume one another |
| keystone species | a species that has strong or wide reaching impact on a community is called a |
| succession | when this occurs a community experiences a somewhat predictable series of changes over time that ecologist call |
| primary succession | when a disturbance is so severe that no vegatation or soil life remains |
| pioneer species | this can occur when glaciers retreat lakes dry up or volcanic lava or ash spreads across the landscape |
| secondary seccession | unlike primary succession begins when a disturbance such as a fire logging or farming dramatically alters an existing community but does not destroy all living things or all organic matter in the soil |
| invasive species | is a nonnative organism that spreads widely in a community |
| omnivores | eat both plant and animal food |
Created by:
william myers