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Unit 5
Hydrology
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Distribution | The position, arrangement, or frequency of an occurrence |
| Aquifer | A body of rock or sediment that stores groundwater and allows the flow of groundwater |
| Transpiration | The process by which moisture is carried through plants to small pores on the underside of leaves, where it changes to vapor and is released to the atmosphere |
| Infiltration | The process by which water on the ground surface enters into the soil |
| Source of energy for water cycle | Heat from the Sun |
| Depth | The perpendicular measurement downward from a surface |
| Topography | The configuration of a surface including its features |
| Property | A special quality or characteristic of something |
| Salinity | The amount of salt dissolved in water |
| Density | The ratio of the mass of a substance to the volume of the substance (how crowded the particles are packed) |
| As ocean depth increase | Pressure - Increases Density - Increases Temperature - Decreases Salinity - Increases |
| Decreasing temperature | When the molecules get colder they lose energy and move closer together. |
| Surface Currents vs. Deep currents | Surface currents occur on the surface and are a result of wind. Deep currents are deep below the surface and are due to changes in density. |
| Gulf Stream | The Gulf Stream is a warm surface current that travels from the Caribbean Sea north along the coast of the U.S. and across the Northern Atlantic Ocean toward Europe. It causes the climate of Great Britain to be warmer than expected |
| Affect wave Size | All related to WIND: strength of wind, duration of wind, distance wind has travelled |
| Longshore drift | The movement of material along a coast by waves that approach at an angle to the shore but recede directly away from it |
| Why salinity changed | Evaporation can remove fresh water, increasing salinity. Rivers and precipitation can add fresh water, decreasing the salinity. |
| Evaporation vs. Condensation | Evaporation is caused by heating. Condensation is caused by cooling. |
| Abundant | Large amounts or quantities; more than enough |
| Permeable | A material that allows liquids or gases to pass through it. |
| Impermeable | A material or surface that does not allow a liquid or gas (especially water) to pass or flow through it. |
| Groundwater | The water that is beneath the Earth's Surface |
| Precipitation | The Process that returns water to Earth's surface in the form of rain, snow, or hail. |
| Saturated | Filled to the maximum capacity, unable to hold or dissolve any more of a substance |
| Glacier | A large, dense, body of ice that forms on land from compacted snow and moves slowly downhill due to gravity |
| Runoff | Precipitation that flows over land into streams, rivers and eventually enters the ocean |
| Rift Valley | Forms in the rift zone between MOUNTAINS as the mountains build up |
| Ocean Trench | Huge cracks in the deep-ocean basin that form where one Oceanic Plate is pushed beneath a continental late or another Oceanic Plate. (Subduction) |
| Mid-Ocean Ridge | Mountain chains that form where tectonic plates pull apart; magma rises to fill the spaces; heat from the magma causes the crust on either side of the rifts to expand which forms the ridges. (divergent boundaries) |
| Continental Rise | Base of the continental slope and is made of large piles of sediment; the boundary between the continental margin and the deep-ocean basin. |
| Continental Shelf | This begins at the shoreline and slopes gently toward the open ocean and continues until the floor begins to slope more steeply downward. |
| Seamount | Individual mountains of volcanic material that form where magma pushes its way through or between tectonic plates; if it rises above sea level, it becomes a volcanic island. |
| Abyssal Plain | broad, flat part of the deep-ocean basin that is covered by mud and the remains of tine marine organisms |
| Continental Slope | begins at the edge of the continental shelf and continues down to the flattest part of the ocean floor.= |
| Continental Margin | this is the combination of the continental Shelf, Slope and Rise |
| Salinity | the amount of salt dissolved in the waters of the Earth’s oceans |
| Ocean Zones | Surface Zone, Pycnocline (Transition) Zone, Deep Zone |
| This affects Density | Temperature, Pressure and Salinity |
| This can affect Salinity | Evaporation Rates and Amount of Freshwater being added |
| Desalination | the process of removing salt and other minerals from ocean water or salty groundwater to turn it into fresh water that is safe for people to drink or use for farming. |
| Freezing Point of Fresh Water | 32 Degrees Fahrenheit |
| Freezing point of Seawater | 28.4 Degrees Fahrenheit |
| Pressure | The exertion of force upon a surface by an object, fluid, etc. |
| Surface Currents | Occur on the surface of the ocean and are a result of wind |
| Deep Currents | Occur below the surface and are due to changes in density. |
| Upwelling | is the process in which cold nutrient-rich water from the deep ocean rises to the surface and replaces warm surface water |
| Factors that affect Deep Currents | 1) Decreasing Temperature 2) Increasing salinity through evaporation 3)Increasing salinity through freezing |
| Global Winds | These are winds that cause currents to flow in different directions. |
| Continental deflections | Is when surface currents deflect or change direction due to the presence and shape of continents |
| Coriolis Effect | Causes moving objects to curve from a straight path due to Earth's rotation. This causes wind and surface currents to move in curved paths. |
| A wave is | The movement of energy through a body of water |
| Determining how large a wave can become | 1) Strength of the WIND 2) Length of time the WIND blows 3) Distance over which the WIND blows. |
| Longshore Drift | Movement of sand along the beach, caused by waves arriving at an angle, then retreating perpendicular to the shore. |
| Waves start here | The open Ocean |
| Strength of the WInd | The speed that the wind is blowing (knot or nautical miles per hour) |
| Length of the Wind | The time over which the wind blows |
| Distance of the WInd | How far the wind blows |
| Do waves Carry water to the shore? | NO! When a wave passes through the ocean, Individual water molecules move UP and DOWN but not FORWARD or BACKWARDS. |
| Tides | The daily rise and fall of Earth's water on the coastlines |
| Gravitational pull from the Moon | Most Significance cause of tides |
| Bulges | The high tides that follow the moons rotation of the Earth. One follows the moon's path. The other is on the opposite side. |
| The number of high and low tides each day | 2 of each |
| Tide | The rise and fall of Earth's water on its coastlines. |
| Gravitational Effect of the moon | Causes water on Earth to Bulge: directly under the moon and on the opposite side |
| High Tides | Bulges caused by the moon |
| Low Tides | Places between the bulges of the moon |
| Spring Tides | When the Sun, Moon and Earth are in a straight line causing higher high tides and lower low tides. |
| Neap Tides | When the Sun, Moon and Earth make a 90 degree angle causing lower high tides and higher low tides than normal |
Created by:
William.Phillips54