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8th grade Midterm
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| energy | the ability to do work |
| hydrosphere | contains all of Earth's water |
| atmosphere | thin envelope of gasses that surrounds Earth |
| geosphere | most dense part of Earth that includes the crust, mantle, and cores |
| biosphere | part of Earth that contains living things |
| constructive forces | any natural force that builds up Earth's surface |
| destructive forces | any natural process that tears down or wears away Earth's surface |
| weathering | the breakdown of rock into sediment through wind, water, ice, or gravity |
| erosion | process of moving sediments through wind, water, ice or gravity |
| seismic waves | energy carrying waves that travel through Earth during an earthquake |
| pressure | result of a force pushing or pressing on a surface |
| crust | layer of rock that forms Earth's outermost surface |
| basalt | a dark, dense, igneous rock, fine texture, found in oceanic crust |
| granite | light colored, igneous rock that is found in continental crust |
| mantle | layer of hot, solid material between Earth's crust and core |
| inner core | dense sphere of solid iron and nickel at the center of the Earth |
| outer core | layer of molten iron and nickel that surrounds the inner core of the Earth |
| deposition | dropping off of sediment in a new location |
| asthenosphere | lower part of the upper mantle |
| lithosphere | rigid part of the crust containing plates |
| uplift | natural process where a portion of the Earth's surface is raised to a higher elevation. |
| magma | molten mixture of rock, gases, and water from the mantle, found underground |
| lava | magma that has reached the surface |
| Continental Crust | less dense, thicker crust made of mostly granite |
| Oceanic Crust | more dense, thinner crust made of mostly basalt |
| u shaped valley | valleys carved by the movement of glaciers |
| V shaped valley | valleys carved by the movement of rivers |
| striations | long grooves cut into the rock by glacial movement |
| river delta | deposits of sediments built up where the river meets the ocean |
| oxidation | a type of chemical weathering where minerals in rocks react with oxygen, often with water, to form new compounds, most notably iron oxides (rust) |
| plucking | process where glaciers pick up rocks as they flow over the land |
| chemical weathering | changing the chemical makeup of the rock by softening or dissolving |
| physical weathering | physically breaking rock into smaller pieces through plants, animals, wind, water, ice, and temperature |
| abrasion | a type of physical weathering where rocks are worn down and broken into smaller particles through the collision and grinding action of other rocks and sediments |
| meanders | loop-like bend in the course of a river |
| oxbow lake | a meander that has been cut off from the river |
| Karst topography | a layer of limestone close to the surface is chemically weathered often by groundwater, creating sinkholes, caverns, and caves |
| elevation | distance above sea level |
| topographic map | two-dimensional map of the Earth's surface that uses contour lines to show the shape and elevation of the land |
| sea level | level of sea's surface (0 ft), used as a reference point to describe elevations of other land features |
| contour line | A line connecting points of equal elevation |
| contour interval | the vertical distance or difference in elevation between each contour line on a map. |
| index contour | a thick, dark contour line on a topographic map, usually every 5th line |
| depression | a low-lying area surrounded by higher ground, represented by closed contour lines with small tick marks |
| peak | highest point on a mountain, marked with an X |
| river flow direction | determined by looking at the contour lines, which bend to form a "V" shape |
| topography | the arrangement of the natural and artificial physical features of an area. |
| continental drift | hypothesis that all of the continents were once joined together in a single landmass and have since drifted to their present locations |
| Pangaea | the name of the supercontinent |
| fossil | any trace of an ancient organism preserved in the rock |
| Alfred Wegener | German meteorologist who hypothesized continental drift. |
| Harry Hess | geologist who theorized sea-floor spreading |
| mid-ocean ridge | long chains of mountains that rise up from the ocean floor |
| sea-floor spreading | the process of new rock to the ocean floor along mid-ocean ridges pushing the older rock toward the continents |
| deep-ocean trenches | a canyon left behind from part of the oceanic crust sinking into the mantle |
| subduction | older, cooler, more dense ocean floor sinks back into the mantle |
| convergent boundary | two plates come together or collide |
| divergent boundary | two plates spread apart or move away |
| transform boundary | two plates slide past one another |
| plate tectonics | theory that plates are in slow, constant motion, driven by convection currents in the mantle |
| convection | currents of heating/rising, cooling/sinking mantle material caused by heat in the core |
| rift valley | divergent boundary occurring on land leaving a valley |
| faults | breaks in the Earth's crust where rocks have slipped past each other at the boundaries |
| Trace fossil | evidence of the activities of an ancient organism |
| absolute age | the number of years that have passed since the rock formed |
| relative age | the age of a rock compared to the ages of other rocks |
| extrusion | Lava that hardens and forms igneous rock |
| intrusion | magma that cools and hardens before it reaches the surface |
| index fossil | fossils that are wide spread, from an organism that lived only a short geologic period of time, useful to determine relative age |
| radioactive dating | method used by scientist comparing the radioactive decay of an element to that of a stable element to determine the absolute age of the rock |
| unconformity | a gap in the geologic record |
| half-life | the time it takes for half of the radioactive atoms to decay in a radioactive element |
| cross-cutting | the principle that states that if a fault or intrusion cuts across another layer, then it must be younger than those layers |
| Law of Superposition | if undisturbed, sedimentary rocks will be in horizontal layers with the oldest rock at the bottom and the youngest on the top |
Created by:
KimRoush