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AP World I S1 Final
AP World I Final
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| What is a major feature of a centralized state in 1450–1750? | Strong rulers tax, build armies, and reduce power of nobles. |
| How did gunpowder empires expand power? | Cannons and muskets strengthened armies and helped conquer territory. |
| What was the Ottoman devshirme system? | Recruiting Christian boys for state service, including Janissaries. |
| What is an example of Ottoman military tech shaping conquest? | Large cannons helped breach Constantinople’s walls. |
| What is absolutism? | A system where a monarch holds near-total political power. |
| What is a key idea of the Enlightenment? | Reason can improve society and government. |
| What is popular sovereignty? | Political power comes from the people, not divine right. |
| What is the social contract? | The idea people form governments to protect rights and order. |
| What did the French Declaration of Rights emphasize? | Natural rights and law based on the nation’s will. |
| What was a major cause of the French Revolution? | Inequality and privilege under the Old Regime. |
| What was the Bastille a symbol of? | Royal oppression and absolutism. |
| What was the Reign of Terror? | Revolutionary violence and suppression of rights in 1793–1794. |
| How did the Haitian Revolution connect to Enlightenment ideals? | Used rights language to justify ending slavery and colonial rule. |
| What was nationalism in the 1800s? | Loyalty to a nation of shared culture, language, or history. |
| What did the Congress of Vienna try to restore? | Stability and monarchy after Napoleon. |
| What is liberalism in the 1800s? | Support for constitutional government and individual rights. |
| What is conservatism in the 1800s? | Support for tradition and established institutions. |
| What is socialism? | Belief that society should reduce inequality, often through shared control of resources. |
| What is Marxism? | A socialist theory predicting class conflict between workers and owners. |
| What is a key goal of feminism in the 1800s? | Expanding women’s rights in law, education, and politics. |
| What is an economic effect of the Columbian Exchange? | New crops increased population but spread disease devastated Indigenous peoples. |
| What is mercantilism? | State-directed trade aimed at accumulating wealth, often through colonies. |
| What is an example of coerced labor in colonies? | Enslavement and plantation labor for cash crops. |
| How did the Atlantic slave trade affect Africa? | Population loss and political instability in many regions. |
| What is cultural syncretism? | Blending of cultures, beliefs, or practices into new forms. |
| What is an example of syncretism in the Americas? | African, Indigenous, and European influences in religion and music. |
| What is the Silk Roads’ main historical role? | Trade networks linking Afro-Eurasia with goods and ideas. |
| How did Indian Ocean trade differ from Silk Roads? | Relied on monsoon winds and sea routes with port cities. |
| What is the trans-Saharan trade known for? | Gold, salt, and the spread of Islam across West Africa. |
| What is an “intermediary” in trade empires? | A local agent who helps foreigners trade or rule. |
| How did the British East India Company gain power in India? | Military force plus alliances with local rulers. |
| What is a key effect of European trading companies in Asia? | Increased foreign control over ports and political decisions. |
| What is imperialism? | Extending a state’s power over other peoples through control or conquest. |
| What is the “Scramble for Africa”? | Rapid European colonization of Africa in the late 1800s. |
| What did the Berlin Conference do? | Set rules for European claims in Africa, ignoring African sovereignty. |
| What is a sphere of influence? | A region where a foreign power dominates trade and politics without formal rule. |
| What is a major motive for 1800s imperialism? | Access to raw materials, markets, and strategic locations. |
| How did industrialization encourage imperialism? | Factories needed raw materials and new buyers for goods. |
| What is the “Industrial Revolution”? | Shift to machine production, factories, and fossil-fuel energy. |
| Where did early industrialization start? | Great Britain. |
| Why did Britain industrialize early? | Coal, capital, stable government, and access to global trade. |
| What is the enclosure movement? | Privatizing farmland, pushing many rural people into cities and wage labor. |
| What is a key invention in textile production? | Spinning jenny or power loom increased cloth output. |
| How did the steam engine change economies? | Powered factories, mines, and transport with coal energy. |
| What did railroads change most? | Faster movement of goods, people, and raw materials. |
| What is urbanization? | Growth of cities as people move from rural areas for work. |
| What is a common problem of early industrial cities? | Overcrowding, pollution, and poor sanitation. |
| What is a factory system? | Centralized production where workers operate machines for wages. |
| What is wage labor? | Workers sell their time for pay rather than owning the product. |
| What is a key difference between artisans and factory workers? | Artisans control craft; factory workers follow machine pace. |
| What is “division of labor”? | Splitting work into small repetitive tasks to raise efficiency. |
| How did industrialization change family labor? | More women and children worked for wages in factories. |
| Why was child labor common in early factories? | Children were cheap, small, and easily controlled. |
| What is an example of industrial-era criticism of child labor? | “Factory slaves” imagery comparing child workers to bondage. |
| What is a labor union? | An organization of workers seeking better wages and conditions. |
| What is collective bargaining? | Workers negotiate as a group with employers. |
| What is a strike? | Workers stop working to demand changes. |
| What is a key reform response to factory abuses? | Child labor laws and safety regulations. |
| What is a public health reform linked to urbanization? | Sewers, clean water systems, and sanitation laws. |
| What is “laissez-faire” economics? | Minimal government interference in the market. |
| What is “capitalism”? | Private ownership and investment for profit. |
| What is “industrial capital”? | Money invested in factories, machines, and production. |
| How did industrialization reshape social classes? | Expanded middle class and created a large industrial working class. |
| What is the bourgeoisie? | The middle class, often owners or professionals. |
| What is the proletariat? | Wage-earning working class in industrial society. |
| What is an example of coerced labor in industrial contexts? | Debt bondage or forced labor in mines and plantations. |
| How did opium relate to 1800s imperialism? | European trade and addiction undermined Qing China’s control. |
| What is a “push factor” for migration in the 1800s? | Poverty, famine, or lack of land and jobs. |
| What is a “pull factor” for migration in the 1800s? | Factory jobs and higher wages in cities or abroad. |
| What is indentured labor? | Contract labor system often used after abolition to meet labor demands. |
| What is “scientific racism” used for in the 1800s? | Justifying imperial rule and unequal treatment. |
| What is Social Darwinism? | Misuse of evolution to argue some groups “deserve” dominance. |
| How did industrialization affect the environment? | Increased fossil-fuel use and pollution. |
| What is a key technology behind modern mining? | Mechanical pumps and steam-powered machines. |
| How can industrial labor be controlled without legal slavery? | Debt, violence, and restriction of movement. |
| What is an example of exploitation in mines? | Workers forced to operate pumps for long shifts in dangerous conditions. |
| How did skilled and unskilled labor differ in the 1800s? | Skilled workers had better pay; unskilled faced insecurity. |
| Why did many workers fear unemployment? | Losing wages could mean hunger and homelessness quickly. |
| What is a major cause of reform movements? | Public awareness of poverty, dangerous work, and inequality. |
| What is the “gold standard” (broadly) tied to? | Industrial-era finance and global trade stability debates. |
| What is a major effect of global trade networks by 1900? | Stronger economic interdependence and unequal exchange. |
| What is “unequal exchange”? | Colonies export cheap raw materials and import costly manufactured goods. |
| How did railroads support empire? | Moved troops and resources to strengthen colonial control. |
| What is “cash-crop agriculture”? | Farming for export profit instead of local food needs. |
| How did cash crops affect colonized regions? | Increased dependency and sometimes worsened famine risk. |
| What is an example of resistance to empire? | Armed rebellions, labor strikes, or nationalist movements. |
| What is “direct rule”? | Colonizers govern with their own officials and institutions. |
| What is “indirect rule”? | Colonizers govern through local leaders under imperial supervision. |
| How did industrial weapons affect conquest? | Maxim guns and rifles increased European military advantage. |
| What is “missionary activity” often linked to? | Cultural imperialism and religious conversion efforts. |
| What is “cultural imperialism”? | Imposing language, education, and values of the ruling power. |
| How did education affect colonial elites? | Some gained new ideas that later fueled nationalism. |
| What is a long-term effect of industrialization on politics? | Growth of mass movements like socialism and labor activism. |
| What is the main link between revolutions and industrialization? | New rights ideas plus new class tensions reshaped states. |
| What enduring issue connects factory labor and imperialism? | Exploitation of workers for profit across time and place. |
| What is an enduring issue essay skill? | Use documents plus outside knowledge to show continuity and change. |
| What is a quick method to analyze a document? | Identify source, purpose, audience, and historical context. |
| What is a strong claim about industrialization’s effects? | It boosted production but intensified inequality and harsh labor. |
| What is a strong claim about imperialism’s effects? | It expanded global trade but reduced sovereignty and exploited labor. |
| What is continuity in the 1750–1900 period? | States still used power to control labor and resources. |
| What is a major change in the 1750–1900 period? | Machine industry and fossil fuels transformed production and warfare. |
| What is an empire? | A state that rules diverse peoples and territories, often by conquest. |
| What is a dynasty? | A ruling family line that passes power through generations. |
| What is a bureaucracy? | A system of appointed officials who run government. |
| What is legitimacy? | Public belief that a ruler or state has the right to govern. |
| What is sovereignty? | A state’s independent authority over its territory and people. |
| What is a mandate of heaven? | Belief that rulers keep power only if they govern justly. |
| What is divine right? | Idea that monarchs rule by God’s authority. |
| What is absolutism? | Rule by a monarch with near-total power. |
| What is constitutionalism? | Government limited by laws or a constitution. |
| What is a parliament? | A representative lawmaking body. |
| What is a republic? | A state without a monarch where leaders are chosen by citizens. |
| What is popular sovereignty? | Idea that political power comes from the people. |
| What is the social contract? | Agreement that people accept government for protection of rights. |
| What is natural rights? | Rights believed to belong to all humans by nature. |
| What is liberalism? | Support for rights, equality under law, and limited government. |
| What is conservatism? | Support for tradition, order, and established institutions. |
| What is nationalism? | Loyalty to a shared nation based on culture or identity. |
| What is revolution? | A rapid, major change in political or social order. |
| What is reform? | Changes made to improve a system without overthrowing it. |
| What is feminism? | Movement to expand women’s rights and equality. |
| What is suffrage? | The right to vote. |
| What is abolition? | Ending slavery as an institution. |
| What is serfdom? | Bound labor on a lord’s land in exchange for protection. |
| What is coerced labor? | Work forced by violence, law, or debt. |
| What is chattel slavery? | Enslavement where people are treated as property. |
| What is the Atlantic slave trade? | Forced transport of Africans to the Americas as enslaved labor. |
| What is indentured servitude? | Contract labor for a set term in exchange for passage or wages. |
| What is debt peonage? | Forced labor to repay debt, often with abusive terms. |
| What is a cash crop? | A crop grown mainly for sale and export. |
| What is mercantilism? | State-controlled trade meant to build national wealth. |
| What is capitalism? | Private ownership and investment to earn profit. |
| What is laissez-faire? | Belief that markets work best with little government regulation. |
| What is socialism? | Idea that society should reduce inequality, often via shared resources. |
| What is communism? | System aiming for classless society and collective ownership. |
| What is Marxism? | Theory that class struggle drives history and capitalism will be replaced. |
| What is industrialization? | Growth of machine production and factory-based economies. |
| What is the Industrial Revolution? | Major shift to mechanized production and fossil-fuel energy. |
| What is mechanization? | Replacing hand labor with machines. |
| What is mass production? | Making large quantities of goods using standardized processes. |
| What is the factory system? | Centralized production where workers use machines for wages. |
| What is division of labor? | Splitting work into specialized tasks to increase efficiency. |
| What is wage labor? | Work done for pay rather than for direct subsistence. |
| What is urbanization? | Growth of cities due to migration from rural areas. |
| What is infrastructure? | Basic systems like roads, ports, railways, and water supply. |
| What is a steam engine? | Machine that uses steam power, often fueled by coal. |
| What is fossil fuel? | Energy source like coal or oil formed from ancient organisms. |
| What is a railroad? | Track-based transport system for people and goods. |
| What is a telegraph? | Device sending messages using electrical signals over wires. |
| What is a corporation? | A business legally recognized as a separate entity from owners. |
| What is a joint-stock company? | Company funded by investors who share profits and risks. |
| What is a labor union? | An organization of workers seeking better conditions and pay. |
| What is a strike? | Workers stopping work to pressure employers. |
| What is collective bargaining? | Negotiating work terms as a group with employers. |
| What is a tariff? | A tax on imported goods. |
| What is free trade? | Trade with few government restrictions or tariffs. |
| What is a monopoly? | Control of a market by one seller or group. |
| What is a business cycle? | Pattern of economic growth, boom, and recession. |
| What is imperialism? | Policy of extending control over other lands and peoples. |
| What is colonialism? | Establishing and ruling colonies in another region. |
| What is a colony? | Territory controlled by a foreign power. |
| What is a protectorate? | Region with local rulers but controlled by an outside power. |
| What is a sphere of influence? | Area where a foreign power dominates trade and politics. |
| What is direct rule? | Colonial control using foreign officials and institutions. |
| What is indirect rule? | Colonial control through local leaders under foreign supervision. |
| What is settler colony? | Colony where large numbers of settlers move permanently. |
| What is resource extraction? | Removing raw materials like minerals, rubber, or oil for profit. |
| What is unequal exchange? | Colonies export cheap raw materials and import costly goods. |
| What is the Scramble for Africa? | Rapid European colonization of Africa in the late 1800s. |
| What is the Berlin Conference? | Meeting setting rules for European claims in Africa. |
| What is a concession? | Special rights granted to foreigners in a country’s territory. |
| What is gunboat diplomacy? | Using naval power to force agreements. |
| What is extraterritoriality? | Foreigners exempt from local laws in a host country. |
| What is a treaty port? | Port opened to foreign trade by treaty, often under pressure. |
| What is resistance? | Actions opposing foreign rule or unfair systems. |
| What is assimilation? | Adopting the culture of a dominant group. |
| What is cultural imperialism? | Imposing language, schooling, and values on others. |
| What is a missionary? | Person spreading a religion, often tied to empire. |
| What is ethnocentrism? | Belief one’s culture is superior to others. |
| What is racism? | Belief that groups differ in worth based on perceived race. |
| What is scientific racism? | Pseudo-science used to justify racial hierarchy. |
| What is Social Darwinism? | Misuse of evolution to argue domination is “natural.” |
| What is the Enlightenment? | Intellectual movement emphasizing reason and rights. |
| What is secularism? | Reducing religious influence on government and public life. |
| What is a primary source? | Evidence created during the time being studied. |
| What is a secondary source? | Later interpretation or analysis of the past. |
| What is historical context? | Background conditions shaping events and documents. |
| What is point of view? | How a source’s position shapes what it says. |
| What is purpose (of a source)? | The author’s goal in creating the document. |
| What is audience? | The people a source is meant to influence or reach. |
| What is bias? | A slant in perspective due to beliefs or interests. |
| What is continuity? | What stays the same over a period of time. |
| What is change over time? | What shifts across a period and why it matters. |
| What is causation? | Explaining why events happened and their effects. |
| What is comparison? | Identifying similarities and differences between cases. |
| What is an enduring issue? | A recurring problem like inequality, power, or conflict. |
| What is globalization? | Growing worldwide connections in trade, culture, and politics. |
| What is interdependence? | Mutual reliance between regions through trade and systems. |
| What is migration? | Movement of people from one place to another. |
| What is diaspora? | Scattering of a people from an original homeland. |
| What is demographic shift? | Change in population size, composition, or location. |
| What is public health? | Efforts to prevent disease and improve community well-being. |
| What is sanitation? | Systems for clean water and waste removal. |
| What is environmental degradation? | Damage to land, air, and water from human activity. |
Created by:
mconnor12