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chapter 5

TermDefinition
Evolution In general terms, change over time.
Gene A sequence of DNA among individuals within a species or population.
Mutation A change in DNA.
Genetic Drift Biological evolution that occurs by chance.
Natural selection The process by which traits that improve an organisms's chances for survival and reproduction are passed on more frequently to offspring than those that do not.
Fitness The degree to which an organism can reproduce successfully in its environment.
Adaptation A heritable trait that increases the likelihood of and individual's survival and reproduction.
artificial selection A human-controlled process to produce individuals with certain traits.
Speciation The process by which new species are generated.
extintion The disappearance of a species from Earth.
niche An organism's habitat, resource use, and fundamental role in a community.
Tolerance The ability to survive and reproduce under changing environmental conditions.
Resource partitioning A process that allows different species to share common resources.
predation The process by which individuals of one species (The predators) hunt, capture, and feed on individuals of another species (The prey).
Coevolution the process by which two species evolve in response in each other.
Parasitism A relationship between two organisms from different species in which one organism(the parasite) depends on the other( the host) for nourishment or some other benefit.
Symbiosis A long term and physically close relationship between two organisms from a different species in which at least one organism benefits; commensalism, mutualsim and parasitism are all symbiotic relantionships.
Herbivory The act of feeding on a plant.
Mutualism A relantionships between two organisms from different species in which both organisms benefit.
Commensalism A relationship between two organisms from different species in which onee benefits and the other is unaffected.
Primary producer An organism that can capture energy form the sun or from chemicals and store it.
Photosynthesis The process by which primary producers use sunlight to convert carbon dioxide and water into sugars, releasing oxygen.
Chemosynthesis The process by which bacteria use energy stored bonds of hydrogen sulfide to convert carbon dioxide and water into sugars.
Consumer An organism that relies on other organisms for
Cellular respiration The process by which organisms use oxygen to release the chemical energy of sugars, producing carbon dioxide and water.
Herbivores An organism that eats plants.
Carnivores An animal that kills and eats other animals.
Omnivores An animal that eats both plants and animals.
Detrivores An organism that scavenges the waste products or dead bodies of community members.
Decomposers An organism that breaks down nonliving matter into simple parts that can than be taken up and reused by primary producers.
Trophic level A rank in a feeding hierarchy.
biomass The total amount of living tissue in a trophic level.
Food chain A linear series of feeding relationships
Food web A diagram of feeding relationships and energy flow showing the paths by which nutrients and energy pass from organism to organism as one consumers another.
Keystone species A species that has a strong or wide ranging impact on a community.
Succession A somewhat predictable series of changes over time in a community.
Primary Succession The somewhat predictable series of changes in a community that follows a disturbance so severe that no vegetation or soil life remains.
Pioneer species One of the first species to colonize newly exposed land.
Secondary succession The somewhat predictable series of changes in a community that follows a disturbance that follows a disturbance that dramatically alters the community but does not destroy all vegetation or soil life.
Invasive species a nonnative species that spreads widely in a community.
Created by: masonmayor
 

 



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