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Biology
excretion
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| excretion | the elimination of metabolic waste from the body |
| name the hormone that has a role in osmoregulation in the nephron | ADH (anti-diuretic hormone) |
| homeostasis | maintenance of a constant internal environment in an organism such as temperature, fluid balance and chemical composition |
| what part of the kidney does ADH affect | distal convoluted tubule and collecting ducts |
| what affect does increased ADH have on the volume of urine produced by the kidneys | the more ADH in the body the less urine is produced |
| how could an individual regulate their ADH blood levels | drinking water, exercise |
| state 2 ways how skin can help an athletes homeostasis | sweats onto their external skin layer which gets evaporated to cool down the body in colder climates- athlete is warming up hair follicles stand up creating layer of warm air |
| ectotherm | gain or loose heat from or to their external environment |
| endotherm | generate their own heat from metabolic reactions |
| how is the composition of blood different to that of globular filtrate | globular filtrate doesn't have red blood cells because they are too big |
| name the parts of the nephron that reabsorb water | proximal convoluted tubule, |
| name the substances reabsorbed during urine formation | glucose, amino acids, salts and water |
| what's the function of the sebaceous gland | excretes sebum which lubricates the skin to prevent cracking and potential pathogens entering |
| filtration | small molecules pass under high pressure from the blood into the nephron |
| what conditions is ADH released | |
| name an excretory product common to kidneys, lung and skin | all excrete water |
| where is ADH released | pituitary gland |
| name an excretion organ in plants | is none plants loose their leaves, petals or seeds as a form of excretion |
| explain why glucose isn't typically found in the kidneys | as glucose is reabsorbed into the bloodstream during the formation of urine |
| vasoconstriction | blood vessels contract reducing the head loss through the skin as they move further away from the epidermis |
| piloerection | is when the erector muscles in the skin contract causing the hairs on the skin to stand up this traps a layer of warm air close to the skin for heat |
| what other systems bar excretory is the skin needed | nervous system defence system |
| which part of the kidney is the bowman's capsule located and what occurs there/ its function | nephron in the medulla of kidney, filtration occurs there where the afferent arterioles bring in waste blood, salts, urea, amino acids and glucose get filtered into bowman's capsule where glomerular filtrate forms |
| Promoxial convoluted tubing location and what occurs there/ its function | -located nephron, medulla 1. reabsorbs water through osmosis 2. glucose, amino acids, most salts and vitamins are reabsorbed through active transport and diffusion |
| glomerulus location and what occurs there/ its function | - bowman's capsule, 1. filtration occurs in the glomerulus in the bowmans capsule. 2. afferent arterioles carry in waste blood, amino acids, glucose, urea etc is filtered out into capsule, 3. enabled through one cell thick capillary wall |
| difference in the composition of glomerular filtrate and urine | glomerular filtrate has more water than urine, contains molecules e.g. amino acids, glucose that arent normally found in urine |
| suggest a treatment for kidney failure | dialysis, kidney transplant |
| what gland secretes ADH | pituitary gland |
| what triggers release of ADH | when blood plasma becomes too concentrated with salts, |
| distinguish between excretion and egestion | excretion is when the body gets rid of metabolic waste from the body through the kidneys and skin where as, egestion is where the body gets rid of undigested food materials from the digestive tract through the anus |
| method of excretion in flowering plants | shedding their petals, seeds, leaves and bark |
| what makes the skin waterproof | cells produce a waterproof protein called keratin |
| what happens if there is a build up of keratin on the skin | cells harden dying this dead outer layer constantly sheds as dandruff or skin flakes |
| what's the purpose of melanin | it gives the skin, freckles, iris, moles and hair its colour, it protects the skin against ultraviolent radiation which can cause skin cancer |
| functions of the epidermis | protects the body from damage and acts as a barrier to prevent the loss of water and entry of pathogens |
| functions of the dermis | protects internal organs from damage due to bangs |
| functions of sebum | an oil produced by sebaceous glands that are located alongside air follicles, keeps the hair moist and flexible also prevents the skin from drying up and becoming cracked |
| functions of vitamin d | helps the absorption of calcium in the intestines |
| how does the skin react to cold conditions and how does it counter act | erector muscles contract causing the hairs on the skin to stand trapping a layer of warm air to the skin for heat blood vessels contract reducing the head loss through the skin shivering caused by a rapid contraction and relaxation of muscles |
| how does the skin react to hot conditions and how does it counter act | sweat is produced which water evaporates to regulate temperature blood vessels expand becoming closer to the epidermis increasing heat loss |
| role of excretory system in homeostasis | regulates body temperature controlling osmosis controlling the concentration of body fluids removing waste products of metabolism from the body |
| main processes in the kidneys | filtration absorption secretion |
| filtration process in the kidney | incoming blood is filtered in the outer cortex, small substances are forced out of the bloodstream into kidneys. |
| absorption process in the kidney | useful materials are taken back into the blood in the cortex and medulla of each kidney |
| secretion process in the kidney | substances are secreted from blood into the cortex e.g potassium or hydrogen ions, purified blood leaves the kidneys and is taken to the vena cava. the toxins left behind form urea |
| negative affects of too much potassium | prevents the nerves in the body from sending nerve impulses correctly disrupting the travel of the impulse. reduces the strength of muscular contraction. |
| urine composition | water salts nitrogen wastes |
| how is urea formed | when excess proteins are broken down (deaminated) in the liver |
| explain the bladder and its functions | stores urine, the sphincter muscles control the release of urine, |
| function of kidneys (hint there's 5) | excretion, removed waste products from blood osmoregulation, controls the water content of the body by varying the water content in urine salt concentration, varying the salt content in the urine PH control, producing urine that is more/less acidic |
| how does the structure of the glomerulus help filtration | -higher pressure in the glomerulus due to the narrower afferent arterioles, called ultra-filtration because of this -surface area is large increasing area for filtration -porous glomerulus capillary walls and walls are only once cell thick |
| what substances cant enter the glomerular filtrate | red blood cells, platelets, antibodies, clotting proteins white blood cells |
| filtration | water and small molecules pass from the blood into the nephron |
| reabsorption | molecules pass from the nephron back into the blood |
| process/s which occur in Bowmans capsule | filtration |
| process/s which occur in the proximal convoluted tubulin | reabsorption, osmosis, active transport and diffusion |
| active transport | the energy (ATP) is used to move molecules from an area of low concentration to an area of high concentration. |
| what helps the process of reabsorption in the proximal convoluted tubulin | - thins walls, - is long 14mm - numerous microvilli increasing surface area - high n.o of mitochondria for energy production |
| process/s which occur in the loop of Henle | - descending limb osmosis occurs, minerals + water are reabsorbed - ascending limb diffusion occurs, salts move out of nephron into fluids in medulla - at the top of the limb active transport is used to pump out the rest of the salts |
| why is it important that the salts are excreted in the ascending loop of Henle | makes the medulla more concentrated than the fluid in the tubule causing water in the nephron to leave via osmosis regulating water in the descending limb and collecting ducts |
| function of the loop of Henle | reabsorb water |
| process/s which occur in the distal convoluted tubulin | reabsorption of salts, osmosis |
| function of the distal convoluted tubulin | controls water, salt and PH values of the blood, controls PH through secretion of potassium ions and hydrogen ions. |
| process/s which occur in the collecting ducts | reabsorption of just water, osmosis |
| function of collecting ducts | allow reabsorption of a bit of water from filtrate into medulla due to osmosis |
| secretion | some substances pass from the blood into the nephron |
| where is ADH made | in the Hypothalamus in the brain |
| process/s which occur in Bowmans capsule | filtration |
| process/s which occur in the proximal convoluted tubulin | reabsorption, osmosis, active transport and diffusion |
| active transport | the energy (ATP) is used to move molecules from an area of low concentration to an area of high concentration. |
| what helps the process of reabsorption in the proximal convoluted tubulin | - thins walls, - is long 14mm - numerous microvilli increasing surface area - high n.o of mitochondria for energy production |
| process/s which occur in the loop of Henle | - descending limb osmosis occurs, minerals + water are reabsorbed - ascending limb diffusion occurs, salts move out of nephron into fluids in medulla - at the top of the limb active transport is used to pump out the rest of the salts |
| why is it important that the salts are excreted in the ascending loop of Henle | makes the medulla more concentrated than the fluid in the tubule causing water in the nephron to leave via osmosis regulating water in the descending limb and collecting ducts |
| function of the loop of Henle | reabsorb water |
| process/s which occur in the distal convoluted tubulin | reabsorption of salts, osmosis |
| function of the distal convoluted tubulin | controls water, salt and PH values of the blood, controls PH through secretion of potassium ions and hydrogen ions. |
| process/s which occur in the collecting ducts | reabsorption of just water, osmosis |
| function of collecting ducts | allow reabsorption of a bit of water from filtrate into medulla due to osmosis |
| secretion | some substances pass from the blood into the nephron |
| purpose of ADH | 1. causes more water to be reabsorbed from the nephron 2. controls osmoregulation 3. causes the walls of the distal tube and collecting ducts to be more permeable to water so water can regulate the plasma |
| what occurs when the blood plasma isnt too dilute | ADH isn't released and the walls of the distal and collecting ducts becomes relatively impermeable to water allowing more urine to be formed and water to be excreted |
Created by:
20sarah