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History
Chapter 2 the archaeologist
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| What is excavation? | Excavation is when archaeologists dig up the ground to find evidence left by people in the past. |
| List the reasons archaeologists might locate sites? | Ariel photographs.old documents/research archaeology ,rescue archaeology,accident,ruins of old buildings. |
| Go into detail about ruins of old buildings | Sometimes ruins of old buildings are still visible above ground,and it is decided that they might be worth a closer look making this one of the reasons archaeologists excavate sites, e.g Bective Abbey Co. Meath. |
| Go into detail about aerial photographs. | A Aerial photograph is a photo taken of a the ground from a elevated position,e.g helicopter or drone, shapes that are not obvious to us at ground level are sometimes revealed to be the lines of ancient structures, e.g the hill of Tara in co.meath. |
| What is research archaeology? | An old document,map or other records might reveal that a building or structure once excsisted on the site,and archaeologists might decide to investigate |
| What is rescue archaeology? | Before you can get planning permission for a road or a new building,you must make sure there is no evidence on the site that will be lost forger |
| List a few ways evidence can be preveserved. | Extreme heat of the desserts dries out objects quickly preventing decay,preserving them,European peat bags preserve bodies due to the combination of cold acidic water and airlessness below the water level,or when bodies are buried in airtight coffins. |
| What are the first three steps involved in excavating a site? | 1: carry out a survey to see if the site is worth excavating 2: dig test trenches 3: remove the topsoil using a digger or a pick axe, |
| What is a test trench? | A test trench is a sample hole dug to see if there is anything of interest present and judge whether it is worth excavating the whole site,trenches are measured and marked in grids so that the exact position of anything found can be recorded. |
| What is the topsoil? | Topsoil is the uppermost,most recent layer of soil |
| What are the steps 4-6 involved in excavating a site? | 4: dig very carefully to make sure they do not damage anything (use trowels or shovels for this) to remove smaller amounts of soil 5:use brushes to remove soil from any object found. 6: use sieves to ensure nothing is thrown away in the soil |
| What is a sieve? | A sieve catches even the smallest pieces of artefacts. |
| What are steps 7-9 involved in excavating a site? | Record the position of every artefact found,everything is drawn and photographed. Catalogue the details of them on computers and in site book. Put artefacts into separate labelled bags and then boxes which are numbered and sent to laboratory for tests. |
| What’s the last step involved in excavating a site? | One tests are finished,artefacts are brought to a museum |
| What tools are used in excavating a site? | Topsoil= digger and pick axe Digging 4 arfefacts=trowels and shovels cause it’s delicate Remove soil= brushes Small artefact pieces= sieves Catalogue details= computers + site book. |
| What is radiocarbon dating? | Radiocarbon dating is when All living things contain a substance called carbon 14 when alive,after death the level of carbon 14 begins to drop,meaning the older the tissue,the less carbon 14 it contains,how Little can tell us how old something is, |
| What is Mesolithic? | Means of the Middle Ages, |
| What are hunter gatherers | Hunted for animals and food, |
| What is a geophysical survey? | X ray on the ground,maps and images of any archaeological evidence underground are made without excavation,geophysical surveys locate artefacts,ruined buildings,structures,used to investigate new grange. |
| What is Neolithic? | Means of the Stone Age,it is when first farmers cans to Ireland. |
| What is pollen analysis? | Pollen analysis is the study of pollen remains to find out what was growing at a site during a particular time period. It can be used to date objects and tell us when forests were cleared and farming began in area e, of this is Céide fields in co.mayo |
| What is stratigraphy? | Stratigraphy Is used to date artefacts and evidence by how deep in the ground they were when found,deeper they are older they will be,this method is most commonly used in excavations. |
| What Is dendrochronology? | Also known as tree ring dating,is a method of dating that used the unique growth patterns of rings as a guide to see how old something is,the more rings it’ll have,well preserved wood is needed for this,it’s not found on most sites so this method is rare, |
| What is DNA testing | DNA testing is. A modern method that can tell us about the origins and ethnicity of a person |
| What is 3D reconstruction? | 3D reconstruction is another method using computer modelling and then clay to reconstruct a part of a body if most of a skull is found,a persons face can be reconstructed based on their skull sctructure |
| What is Bone analysis? | Bone analysis is a way to date bodies,by examining the bones you can tell a lot about the person,e.g the teeth can tell us the age of person. |
| What can pelvis tell us in bone analysis? | Wether it was female or male. |
| What can bones tell us in bone analysis? | Can show signs of disease or bad nutrition. |
| What can the length of thigh bone tells us in bone analysis? | Good indicator of height. |
| What can skin and hair tell us in bone analysis? | Information about typical diet. |
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