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philsophy definition
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| empirical | sensory data from the physical world |
| rational | intellectual reasoning without empirical data eg. mathematics |
| premise | a proposition that is the basis for a conclusion |
| conclusion | a decision arrived at via a reasoning process |
| actuality | an item's present state |
| potentiality | a possible future state of an item |
| efficient cause | something that creates another thing eg. a scultor is the efficient cause of a statue |
| a priori | prior to empirical evidence. an argument that rerlies on pure reason |
| contingent | dependent upon something else for its existence |
| necessary | not reliant on anything else for its existence. cannot not exist, cannot start or cease to exist eg. God |
| set theory | a type of mathematical logic |
| acutal infiinite | a boudnless or limitless set |
| successive addition | continous adding of one more to a set |
| potential infinite | a chronological series of events, formed by successive addition |
| teleological argument | a philosophical proof derived from the apparent evidence of purposeful design in the world |
| teleos | greek- end |
| qua | latin - as |
| governance | rule or control |
| analogy | a comparison made between two things |
| anthropic | relating to human beings |
| aesthetic | relating to the beautiful |
| fallacy of composition | the false premise that what is true of the parts is true of the whole |
| ockham's razor | developed by william of ockham, who claimed that we should not make an explanation unessecarily complex |
| analogical | makes a comparision of the similarities between two things |
| anthropomorphism | giving human characteristics to god |
| red shift | wavelength of light from retreating objects is stretched and appears red in colour |
| cosmic microwave background radiation | radiation remaining in the universe from the Big Bang |
| singularity | an infinitely small point where physical laws cease to operate |
| natural selection | an organism's adaption to its environment increases its survival chances |
| random variation | small, unpredicatble differences in organisms |
| cumulative selection | favourable mutations in organisms are retained and developed |
| ontological | relating to ontology, which means 'concerned with being' or existence |
| deductive | moving from a set of premises to a conclusion that, if the argument is sound, is indisputible |
| proslogion | latin - discourse on the existence of God. A prayer/ meditation written by Anselm |
| in intellectu | latin - in the mind alone as a concept |
| in re | latin - in reality |
| reductio ad absurdum | an ancient greek philosophical technique, meaning reducing to absurdity |
| tautology | a statement that is repeated in different words, or is true by necessity |
| analytic existential proposition | a statement about existence that is nessecarily true |
| epistemology | the study of knowledge and how we can know anything for certain |
| innate | part of us, a built in quality |
| predicate | a property that something can possess or lack |
| paradox | self contradictory or logically unacceptable |
| parody | a comedic, exaggerated imitation |
| intrinsic maximum | an in built upper limit of greatness that cannot be exceeded |
| classical theism/ monotheism | belief in the existence of one supreme deity |
| ex nihilo | latin - out of nothing |
| riddle of epicurus, epicurean paradox | epicurus' statement of the problem of evil |
| impotent | without power, helpless |
| malevolent | wicked, desiring to do evil |
| the evidential problem of evil | the empirical evidence of the existence of evil and suffering shows it is improbable that God exists |
| theodicy | justification of god |
| privation | the absence of a quality that is usually present |
| privatio boni | an absence of good |
| original sin | the sin of adam in the garden of eve, passed down to all human descendents |
| seminally present | present in adam's semen |
| concupiscence | intense longing directed away from God and towards the world. characterised by sexual acts |
| incarnate | embodied in human form |
| atonement | to reconcile god and humankind through the saving work of christ on the cross |
| felix culpa | latin - a happy mistake. reference to the sin of adam leading to redemption by christ |
| gnosticism | first and second century heresy that advocated secret knowlefge as a path to salvation |
| soul making theodicy | souls are created and then perfected by suffering. in contrast to soul deciding where they are made perfect and then their destination is decided |
| religious pluralism | tolerance of two or more religions as being equal valid or acceptable |
| epistemic distance | a distance from knowledge of god rather than a distance in time or space |
| second order goods | goods that cannot exist independent of evil |
| counterfactual hypothesis | shows that if the world was made differently the result would also be different |
| eschatological justification | god's purpose in allowing suffering is justified after we die |
| universal salvation | god saves everyone in heaven |
| quasi sensory | resembling a sensory experience, but not having all the usual features of one |
| cotemplative or meditative prayer | deep reflective prayer, focusing the mind on the divine |
| humility | modesty, humbleness, meekness. understanding the limited value of your own efforts |
| pragmatic | the claim that a proposition that positively works is true |
| transient | lasting for a short time (impermanent) |
| transcendent | beyond and indepdent of the material universe |
| schematisation | a system/ scheme of understanding |
| sui generis | unique or in a category of its own |
| numinous | latin- supernatural or divine power |
| creature consciousness | awareness of being or existing yet of being nothing |
| wholly other | like nothing else that can be experienced |
| daemonic dread | a sense of horror inspired by the numinous- the first stage of spiritual development |
| description related challenges | challenge the way that the event is explained |
| subject related challenges | challenge the person who experienced and described the event |
| object related challenges | challenge what actually happened |
| benzene ring | a benzene molecule composed of six carbon atoms joined in a ring |
| prima facie | first impression, assumed as correct unti proven otherwise |
| ad hominem | directed against a person rather than their argument |
Created by:
rosielottie