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Bio 2_C01_Glossary

🧬🧩Bio 2_C01_Core Biology Glossary (40 Essential Terms)

QuestionAnswer
Biology The study of living organisms.
Cell The smallest structural and functional unit of life.
Prokaryote A cell without a nucleus.
Eukaryote A cell with a nucleus and membrane-bound organelles.
Organelle A specialized structure inside a cell that performs a specific function.
Nucleus The control center of the cell containing DNA.
Cytoplasm The jelly-like material inside the cell where organelles are found.
Cell membrane A semi-permeable barrier controlling movement of substances in and out of the cell.
Cell wall A rigid outer layer in plants, fungi, and some bacteria that provides support.
Mitochondrion The site of energy production (ATP) through cellular respiration.
Chloroplast The organelle where photosynthesis occurs in plant cells.
Ribosome The site of protein synthesis.
Endoplasmic reticulum (ER) A membrane network involved in protein and lipid synthesis.
Golgi apparatus Modifies, packages, and transports proteins and lipids.
Vacuole A storage organelle for water, nutrients, or waste.
Lysosome Contains enzymes that break down waste and old cell parts.
Chromosome A DNA molecule packaged with proteins, carrying genetic information.
DNA The molecule that stores genetic instructions for life.
Gene A segment of DNA that codes for a specific trait or protein.
RNA A molecule involved in protein synthesis and gene expression.
Protein A molecule made of amino acids that performs structural and functional roles.
Enzyme A protein that speeds up chemical reactions.
Metabolism All chemical reactions occurring within an organism.
Photosynthesis The process by which plants make food using sunlight, carbon dioxide, and water.
Cellular respiration The process of releasing energy from food molecules.
Diffusion Movement of particles from high to low concentration.
Osmosis The diffusion of water across a semi-permeable membrane.
Homeostasis Maintaining stable internal conditions.
Tissue A group of similar cells performing a specific function.
Organ A structure made of tissues working together for a task.
Organ system A group of organs working together.
Organism An individual living thing.
Bacteria Single-celled prokaryotic organisms.
Plasmid A small circular DNA molecule found in bacteria.
Clone An organism or cell genetically identical to the original.
Reproduction The process of producing offspring.
Mutation A change in the DNA sequence.
Adaptation A trait that improves an organism's survival or reproduction.
Evolution Change in species over time through genetic variation and natural selection.
Ecosystem A community of organisms interacting with each other and their environment.
 

 



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