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Bio 20
Everything
| Term | Definition1 | Definition2 |
|---|---|---|
| Biochemistry | The study of chemical processes in living organisms and cells | |
| Metabolism | The sum of all the chemical reactions that take place within cells of an organism | |
| Anabolic Reactions | Build polymers from monomers by the removal of water, usually involves Dehydration Synthesis | Requires energy to occur, starts small, building into bigger reactions |
| Catabolic Reactions | Break polymers into monomers, usually intaking water through hydrolysis | Produces Energy, starts big before breaking into smaller reactions |
| Dehydration Synthesis | Water is produced at the bond sites between molecules, building bonds | (OH + H end making H2O and a longer polymer) |
| Biochemical Hydrolysis | Water is broken into OH and H at the bond site in a molecule, breaking bonds | (H2O + polymer makes shorter polymers with OH and H endings) |
| Carbohydrates | The body's most important source of energy, cannot be made by animals, contain C,H, and O | Can be converted into long term storage as fat, manufactured from photo/chemosynthesis |
| Monosaccharides | Glucose, Fructose, and Galactose | All have formula C6H12O6 but different shapes - isomers |
| Disaccharides | Two monosaccharides attached through dehydration synthesis | Sucrose, Maltose, and Lactose, Isomers with formula C12H22O11 |
| Polysaccharides | Formed by the union of many monosaccharides through dehydration synthesis | Starch, Cellulose, Chitin, and Glycogen |
| Glucose | Main sugar used in cellular respiration | |
| Fructose | The sweetest of the monosaccharides | Found in some fruits, nectars and honey |
| Galactose | Found in milk sugars and some Antigens | |
| Sucrose | Cane/Beet Sugar, combination of Fructose and Glucose | The sweetest of the disaccharides due to Fructose |
| Maltose | Found in seeds that have started to grow or germinate, or in animals when starch is beginning to be broken down | Made up of 2 Glucose |
| Lactose | Present in the milk of different animals. | A combination of Galactose and Glucose |
| Energy storage Carbohydrates | Starch and Cellulose, starch for plants and glycogen for animals | Glycogen is more helpful for animals due to more branching, long chains that are easily broken down to produce energy |
| Cellulose/Fiber | Makes up the cell wall of plant cells | Fabric like polysaccharide, not digestible by most animals |
| Lipids | Triglycerides(fats), phospholipids, ands steroids | Used for long-term energy storage and structural material |
| Triglycerides | 1 gram provides ~9 calories while 1 gram of carbohydrates provides ~4 | A complete fat molecule is made of three fatty acids and a glycerol, bonded by dehydration synthesis |
| Unsaturated Fatty Acids | Has one or more double bonds in the carbon skeleton of the molecule | Oils made by plants, liquid at room temperature. |
| Saturated Fatty acid | No double bonds in the carbon skeleton of the molecule, with each carbon completely surrounded by hydrogen atoms | Made by animals as animal fats, solid at room temperature |
| Phospholipids | A phosphate molecule attached to the glycerol backbone instead of 1 fatty acid chain | Have a Hydrophillc head and a hydrophobic tail, located in cell membranes |
| Steroids | A wide range of molecules with a common structrue of four fused carbon rings | Provide the building materials for hormones, Bile, Etc, a common kind is cholestrol |
| HDL | High density lipoprotein | removes ldl from the bloodstream |
| LDL | Lowe density lipoprotein | Can collect in arteries, leading to heart disease |
| Proteins | Most common organic compounds in living cells. Made of C. H. O. and N. with basic building blocks being amino acids. The shape determines the function | Can contain from 50 to 3000 amino acid units, and do not always contain all 20 amino acids, Also called polypeptides |
| Amino Acids | There are 20 monomers. With 8 deemed essential, Diets high in soy,beans, and lentils provide all 20 | Made of an amino group. carboxyl group. And R group that differs for each amino acid, |
| Peptide bonds | the bonds between adjacent amino acids through dehydration synthesis | |
| Mutations | Generally seen in terms of the protein that they affect | Allow for protein structure to be used to tell how closely related 2 organisms are |
| Protein Functions | Mostly a structural component of cells, used to make organelles and cellular structures, as well as certain types of cells | Proteins can be used as a source of energy but this only happens as a last resort when carbs and fats have already been used, This is bad as it can reduce metabolic efficiency, and put strain on the liver through nitrogenous toxins |
| Primary protein type | Sequence of amino acids organized in a linear arrangement | |
| Secondary protein type | Folds/coils due to hydrogen bonding between amino acids | |
| Tertiary Protein type | R group interactions cause more folding than secondary | |
| Quaternary/Globular Protein type | Results from 2 or more proteins folding together | |
| Denaturation | A temporary change to the shape of the protein by physical/chemical means such as heat, radiation, or pH change | May cause the protein to uncoil or assume a new shape, changing the physical properties and functions of the protein, The protein will return to its original form when the factor is removed |
| Coagulation | A permanent change to the shape of the protein by physical/chemical means such as heat, radiation, or pH change | May cause the protein to uncoil or assume a new shape, changing the physical properties and functions of the protein, The protein will not return to its original form, even when the factor is removed |
| Enzyme | Organic Catalyst composed of proteins, the name can give an indication on what the enzyme does | Will not change after a chemical reaction, allow for chemical reactions to occur more readily in lower temperatures |
| Enzyme-Substrate complex | Occurs when a substrate temporarily bonds to the active sites of an enzyme | |
| Active sites | The region of an enzyme where a substrate bonds | |
| Lock and key model | The active sites fit the substrate exactly | |
| Induced-fit model | the active sites change slightly to fit the substrate, steressing the substrate bonds and increasing reaction chance | |
| Coenzymes | Organic molecules that help enzymes bond to substrate molecules | May work with more than one enzyme, synthesized from vitamins |
| Cofactors | inorganic molecules that help enzymes bond to substrate molecules | May work with more than one enzyme, Includes Iron, Zinc, Potassium, and Copper containing compounds |
| Law of Tolerance | Each enzyme has favorable environmental conditions that allow for maximum enzyme activity | |
| Enzyme temperature | Above the optimum temperature, the enzyme will denature, sharply decreasing reaction rate | Below the optimum temperature, reaction rate slows due to molecules moving slower, reducing the rate of particle collisions |
| Enzyme pH | Most enzymes operate between 6-8 | A higher or lower than optimum may cause a change in shape of the enzyme, pepsin operates at 2-3 |
| Substrate concentrations | The greater the number of substrate molecules, the greater the number of collisions and the greater the rate of reaction | This increases with reaction rate until all active sites are occupied |
| Competitive inhibitors | Molecules that have a similar shape to a substrate | Competes with substrate for active sites, blocking the enxyme from catalyzing its normal reaction |
| Negative feedback in metabolic reactions | As the final product of a reaction starts to accumulate, the enzymes leading up to it can be shut down by the final product becoming a competitive inhibitor until it is used up | |
| Photosynthesis | H2O + CO2 + energy → C6H12O6 + 6O2 | Process by which plants store sunlight energy in the bonds of glucose |
| Chloroplast | Contains thylakoids and chlorophyll, found only in photosynthetic parts of plants | Special organelle that captures radiant energy from the sun and can replicate independently |
| Light-Dependent Reactions | Light energy is trapped and converted into ATP and NADPH | Water is split releasing oxygen as a byproduct and cannot occur without light |
| Light-Independent Reactions | Occur without the need for light | Use ATP, NADPH, carbon dioxide, and water to make glucose |
| Stroma | Fills the interior space of the double-membrane-bound chloroplast | Protein-rich semi-liquid where parts of photosynthesis occur |
| NADPH | Gives away a hydrogen atom and two electrons | High energy molecule produced in the first stage of photosynthesis |
| Glucose | Main sugar produced in photosynthesis | Used as an energy source in cellular respiration |
| Photosynthesis – Stage 1 | Energy breaks apart water producing excited electrons, NADPH, hydrogen ions, and oxygen | Light-dependent reactions |
| Photosynthesis – Stage 2 | Excited electrons pull hydrogen ions into photosystem 1 bonding with NADP+ to form NADPH | Some hydrogen ions leave the thylakoid lumen releasing energy to produce ATP |
| Photosynthesis – Stage 3 | Produces glucose using 6CO2, 18ATP, and 12NADPH | Occurs through a cyclic series of reactions |
| Granum | A stack of thylakoids | Increases surface area for light reactions |
| Carbon Fixation | Incorporation of carbon dioxide into organic molecules | Occurs during the Calvin cycle |
| Calvin Cycle | Series of reactions that produce glucose | Uses CO2, ATP, and NADPH |
| Photosystem 1 | Receives excited electrons and uses them to make NADPH, H+ + 2e− + NADP+ → NADPH | The second photosystem in photosynthesis |
| Photosystem 2 | Uses light energy to split water and excite electrons, 2H2O(l) + energy → 4H+ + 4e− + O2(g) | The first photosystem in photosynthesis |
| ETC | Made up of photosystem 1, ATP synthase, and other components | Produces NADPH and ATP through H+ + 2e− + NADP+ → NADPH and ADP + Pi → ATP |
| Photosynthesis | H2O + CO2 + energy → C6H12O6 + 6O2 | Process by which plants store sunlight energy in the bonds of glucose |
| Chloroplast | Contains thylakoids and chlorophyll, found only in photosynthetic parts of plants | Special organelle that captures radiant energy from the sun and can replicate independently |
| Light-Dependent Reactions | Light energy is trapped and converted into ATP and NADPH | Water is split releasing oxygen as a byproduct and cannot occur without light |
| Light-Independent Reactions | Occur without the need for light | Use ATP, NADPH, carbon dioxide, and water to make glucose |
| Stroma | Fills the interior space of the double-membrane-bound chloroplast | Protein-rich semi-liquid where parts of photosynthesis occur |
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