Electric Flux (Definition)

A measure of how many electric field lines pass through a surface.

Electric Flux Formula

Φ = E·A cosθ, where θ is the angle between E and the surface normal.

Positive vs Negative Flux

Positive flux: field lines leaving a surface; negative flux: entering a surface.

Closed Surface (Gaussian Surface)

An imaginary closed boundary used to apply Gauss’ Law.

Gauss’ Law (Statement)

The net electric flux through a closed surface equals the enclosed charge divided by ε₀.

Purpose of Gaussian Surfaces

Used to exploit symmetry to simplify electric field calculations.

Isolated Conductor (Definition)

A conductor not connected to other conductors or ground.

Charge on an Isolated Conductor

Excess charge resides entirely on the outer surface.

Electric Field Inside a Conductor

The electric field inside a conductor in electrostatic equilibrium is zero.

Cylindrical Symmetry (Example)

Infinite line of charge produces a radial electric field depending only on distance r.

Field from Cylindrical Symmetry

E = λ / (2π ε₀ r) for a long line of charge.

Planar Symmetry (Example)

Infinite charged plane produces a uniform electric field.

Field from Planar Symmetry

E = σ / (2ε₀) for an infinite sheet of charge.

Spherical Symmetry (Example)

A uniformly charged sphere behaves like a point charge outside the sphere.

Field from Spherical Symmetry

E = kQ/r² outside the sphere; inside, E ∝ r for uniform charge.

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Intro. to Elect 04

CO1_Introduction to Electricity - Gauss’ Law and Applications - #4

Question	Answer
Electric Flux (Definition)	A measure of how many electric field lines pass through a surface.
Electric Flux Formula	Φ = E·A cosθ, where θ is the angle between E and the surface normal.
Positive vs Negative Flux	Positive flux: field lines leaving a surface; negative flux: entering a surface.
Closed Surface (Gaussian Surface)	An imaginary closed boundary used to apply Gauss’ Law.
Gauss’ Law (Statement)	The net electric flux through a closed surface equals the enclosed charge divided by ε₀.
Gauss’ Law Formula	Φ = Q_enclosed / ε₀.
Purpose of Gaussian Surfaces	Used to exploit symmetry to simplify electric field calculations.
Isolated Conductor (Definition)	A conductor not connected to other conductors or ground.
Charge on an Isolated Conductor	Excess charge resides entirely on the outer surface.
Electric Field Inside a Conductor	The electric field inside a conductor in electrostatic equilibrium is zero.
Cylindrical Symmetry (Example)	Infinite line of charge produces a radial electric field depending only on distance r.
Field from Cylindrical Symmetry	E = λ / (2π ε₀ r) for a long line of charge.
Planar Symmetry (Example)	Infinite charged plane produces a uniform electric field.
Field from Planar Symmetry	E = σ / (2ε₀) for an infinite sheet of charge.
Spherical Symmetry (Example)	A uniformly charged sphere behaves like a point charge outside the sphere.
Field from Spherical Symmetry	E = kQ/r² outside the sphere; inside, E ∝ r for uniform charge.

Created by: francisslavin001

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