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psych ch 30
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) | . HIV-infected patients are diagnosed with AIDS when their CD4 cell count falls below 200 cells/mm3 or if they develop an AIDS-defining illness |
| Antiretroviral | Medication that interferes with the replication of a retrovirus (e.g., HIV) |
| Highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) | Combination of three or more antiretroviral medication |
| Oncovirus | A virus That can cause cancer |
| Virion | virus particle |
| Virustatic | Able to suppress viral proliferation Does not kill the virus outright Prevents the virus from multiplying Slows down viral replication |
| Virus | attaches to host cell and releases genetic material •Genetic material controls host cell’s machinery to replicate •Host cell cannot perform normal function and dies •Replicated viruses released from dead cell •More host cells infected |
| Antivirals | •Inhibit viral replication •Do not destroy virus •Slow rate of reproduction |
| Antiviral resistance: | ⮚ Ability of virus to overcome suppressive action of antiviral agents ⮚ Mutations result in adaptations so that virus can exist in new environments and hosts ⮚ Occurs with vomiting or irregular doses of antiviral agent |
| antivirals moa | Interference with: ⮚ Attachment of virus to host cells, penetration, and coating Inhibit: ⮚ Reverse transcriptase, transamidase, and virion-associated enzymes ⮚ Viral transcription ⮚ Viral messenger RNA (mRNA) |
| Adamantanes | ⮚ Inhibitors of viral uncoating ⮚ Amantadine ⮚ Rimantadine |
| Neuraminidase inhibitors | ⮚ Block viral release from host cell Oseltamivir ⮚ Zanamivir |
| Interferons | inhibits viral transcription |
| Nucleoside analogs | Entecavir, lamivudine, ribavirin, and telbivudine •moa Inhibitors of transcription: |
| Nucleotide analog | Adefovir •moa Inhibitors of transcription: |
| Protease inhibitors | Boceprevir, telaprevir•moa Inhibitors of transcription: |
| varicella zoster | The virus that causes chickenpox and shingles |
| •Acyclovir, valacyclovir, famciclovir, penciclovir: moa | ⮚ Inhibit viral DNA synthesis Treatment of Herpes Simplex, Herpes Zoster, and Cytomegalovirus |
| •Cidofovir, ganciclovir: moa | : ⮚ Inhibit viral DNA polymerase Treatment of Herpes Simplex, Herpes Zoster, and Cytomegalovirus |
| •Foscarnet | ⮚ Inhibits viral DNA polymerase and reverse transcriptases Treatment of Herpes Simplex, Herpes Zoster, and Cytomegalovirus |
| Treatment for COVID-19 | •Remdesivir (Veklury) •Sotrovimab •Monoclonal antibodies •Paxlovid (nirmatrelvir + ritonavir) |
| HIV Life Cycle: Binding | 1st HIV binds to CD4 surface receptors |
| HIV life cycle: Fusion | 2ndt step HIV’s envelope fuses with the host cell membrane, allowing the virus to enter. |
| HIV life cycle: uncoating | 3nd HIV sheds its outer coat and releases its RNA and essential enzymes into host cell |
| HIV life cycle: Reverse transcription | 4th makes DNA copy of viral RNA |
| HIV life cycle integration | 5th viral DNA incorporated into host cellular DNA |
| HIV life cycle Genome replication | 6th After HIV integrates its viral DNA into the host’s DNA The host cell machinery transcribes that viral DNA into viral RNA |
| HIV life cycle Protein synthesis | 7th The host cell uses viral mRNA to build viral proteins The host cell transcribes viral DNA into viral mRNA That mRNA is then translated by host ribosomes into long chains of viral proteins |
| HIV life cycle •Protein cleavage and viral assembly: | 8th Protease cuts long chain of viral protein into smaller individual proteins, which become structural elements for new HIv |
| HIV life cycle: :Virus release | A fully formed HIV particle buds off the host cell membrane and goes on to infect new cells |
| Nucleoside Reverse Transcriptase Inhibitors: | treat HIV AIDS MOA •Activated by intracellular phosphorylation by host cell enzymes •Competitively inhibit reverse transcriptas •Abacavir •Didanosine •Emtricitabine •Lamivudine •Stavudine •Tenofovir DF •Zidovudine |
| Nonnucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors (NNRTIs) | •Delavirdine •Efavirenz •Etravirine •Nevirapine •Rilpivirine moa Bind to viral transcriptase treat HIV AIDS |
| Protease inhibitors | treat HIV AIDS MOA ⮚ Block cleavage of long-chain viral proteins •Atazanavir •Darunavir •Fosamprenavir •Indinavir •Nelfinavir •Ritonavir •Saquinavir mesylate •Tipranavir |
| Fusion inhibitor | Moa ⮚ Interferes with step 2 of HIV life cycle ⮚ Enfuvirtide |
| CCR5 antagonist: | ⮚ Maraviroc ⮚ Binds to CCR5 receptor ⮚ Prevents CCR5-tropic HIV-1 entry into cell |
| HIV integrase strand inhibitor | ⮚ Binds to viral DNA ⮚ Mediates integration into infected host cell’s DNA ⮚ Produces functional provirus ⮚ Raltegravir |
| influenza treatment classes | adamantes,Neuraminidase inhibitors |
| Treatment of Hepatitis B and Hepatitis C Viruses classes | Interferons , Inhibitors of transcription :Nucleoside analogs, Nucleotide analog, Protease inhibitors |
| Inhibitors of transcription: | :Nucleoside analogs, Nucleotide analog, Protease inhibitors |
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