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Reproduction & aging
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Puberty | The age or time when the reproductive organs become functional and reproduction may occur |
| Ovulation | The release of an egg cell from a follicle to the uterine tubes, where it can be fertilized; once this has occurred, a female can become pregnant. |
| Gestation | The period of development from the time of fertilization until birth |
| Parturition | The process of birth |
| Scrotum | A sac of skin on the outside of a male's body, which holds the testes |
| Testes | The male gonads, or reproductive glands |
| Epididymis | An organ of the male reproductive system on the surface of the testes that stores sperm while they mature |
| Ductus Deferens | A tube that extends from the end of the epididymis to the urethra, through which sperm are transported during ejaculation |
| Coitus | The act of mating; also called mounting or copulation |
| Semen | The fluid released during ejaculation |
| Ampula/Ampullae | A temporary storage place for sperm in the male reproductive system |
| Prostaglandin | A hormone that stimulates female uterine contractions to help move semen to the uterus |
| Hormones | Substances secreted by various glands in the body which control almost all phases of reproduction in mammals |
| Spermatogenesis | The production of sperm |
| Follicle-Stimulating Hormone (FSH) | One of two hormones that act on the testes to stimulate production of sperm |
| Luteinizing Hormone (LH) | Called interstitial cell stimulating hormone in males; one of the two hormones that act on the testes to stimulate the production of sperm |
| Testosterone | A hormone responsible for the production of male secondary sex characteristics; also necessary for sperm production |
| Erection | The first step in the ejaculatory process, in which blood rushes to the penis and fills caverns within it, causing it to become firm, or erect |
| Oocyte | An undeveloped egg cell |
| Estrogen | A hormone important to reproduction; it's responsible for giving females their secondary sex characteristics, and helps regulate the estrous cycle |
| Uterine Tubes | Structures that connect each ovary to the uterus; also known as oviducts or fallopian tubes |
| Fimbria | Finger-like projections from the uterine tubes that help "catch" the ova as they're released from the ovary during ovulation |
| Uterus | A strong, muscular organ designed to receive a fertilized ovum; it protects and supports the development of a fetus, and aids during the initial stages of birth. |
| Endometrium | The innermost layer of the uterus |
| Placenta | An attachment formed from the endometrium to the uterus, which supports a fetus' needs to develop normally |
| Vagina | A muscular structure in the female reproductive system that is the copulatory organ; it also acts as a passageway for a fetus during birth |
| Cervix | A structure in the female reproductive system that connects the vagina to the uterus |
| Gametes | Germ cells in an embryo that develop into either ova or sperm, depending on whether the embryo becomes a male or female |
| Oogenesis | The process by which gametes develop into oocytes; the process is completed before or shortly after birth, resulting in a female being born with her fully supply of oocytes |
| Corpus Luteum | A structure that develops in the follicle during ovulation, producing progesterone, which is necessary to maintain pregnancy |
| Estrous Cycle | The definite physiologic functional rhythm of the reproductive system, which occurs in all females after puberty; commonly known as the heat cycle |
| Monestrous | Animals that have one estrous cycle a year; these are usually wild animals. |
| Polyestrous | Animals that have frequent estrous cycles throughout the year; cows, sows, and mares are examples. |
| Seasonal Polyestrous | Animals that have periodic estrous cycles during certain times of the year only; sheep are an example. |
| Proestrus | The first phase of the estrous cycle, in which the reproductive tract is preparing for breeding |
| Estrus | The second phase of the estrous cycle, in which the female displays sexual desire and acceptance of the male; ovulation occurs during this phase. |
| Metestrus | Also known as diestrus; the third phase of the estrus cycle, in which the corpus luteum grows rapidly after ovulation |
| Anestrus | The final phase of the estrous cycle, which is characterized by an inactive reproductive tract and ovaries |
| Induced Ovulator | An animal, generally a female cat, whose body attempts to stay in estrus until it mates |
| Oxytocin | A reproductive hormone produced by the posterior pituitary; it causes smooth muscles to contract, such as the uterus during birth. |
| Progesterone | A hormone mainly produced by the corpus luteum, which is essential for maintaining pregnancy |
| Relaxin | A hormone produced by the ovaries and in the uterus and placenta; in late pregnancy, it relaxes the pelvic ligaments and cervix to allow for birth. |
| Fertilization | The union of an egg and a sperm |
| Capacitation | A process by which sperm achieve the ability to fertilize; this occurs in the uterus or fallopian tubes. |
| Motility | The ability of sperm to move; important because sperm must travel a long distance in a short time |
| Fetus | An embryo in the later stages of development |
| Involution | Return of the uterus to its non-pregnant state |
| Dystocia | A condition in which a female can't deliver her offspring without outside help |
| Mammary Glands | Areas that produce milk in a female after she has given birth |
| Lactation | Secretion of milk |
| Congenital | A condition that exists from the time of birth |
| Hypoplasia | A condition in which part of an animal's reproductive tract doesn't form completely |
| Neonatal Period | The developmental period just after birth, during which the newborn is dependent on its parent(s) for survival |
| Aging | The period after adulthood during which body systems begin to decline |
| Preventive Medicine | The practice of medical intervention to extend life span; includes vaccination, controlling parasites, maintaining sanitary conditions, and early detection and treatment of diseases and abnormalities |
| Hypothyroidism | A condition in which the thyroid is underactive |
| Eczema | A non-contagious inflammation of the skin, sometimes caused by allergic responses |
| Arrhythmia | An irregular, abnormal heartbeat |
| Pyometra | An infection of the uterus, common in older dogs |
| Osteopenia | Thinning of the bones, commonly experienced in older animals |
| Euthanasia | Ending life for humane reasons |
| Agouti | A ticked or tabby pattern in which the color alternates between light and dark |
| Bicolored | A two-colored cat |
| Domestic | A nonpedigreed cat, usually a shorthair not from any particular country |
| Parti-colored | A three-colored cat |
| Pedigree | A document containing the names, titles, colors, and registration numbers of the first three to five generations of a cat’s family |
| Purebred | A cat whose ancestors are all of the same breed or allowable outcrosses |
| Queen | An unaltered female cat |
| Tipped | Each hair is really two colors, one lighter and one darker |
| Tom | An unaltered male cat |
| Underfoot | Kittens raised in a breeder’s home rather than in cages |
| Cropping | Cutting the ears to make them stand (prick) up |
| Dapple | A mottled coat color pattern |
| Docking | Cutting off part of the tail |
| Dewclaw | The extra toe high on the inside of each paw |
| Fall | Long hair hanging down from the ears and muzzle |
| Pricked Ears | Ears that stand erect |
| Screw Tail | Short tail that hangs down or twists into a spiral shape |
| Species | A classification for a grouping of individuals that have the same biologic characteristics and can interbreed |
| Standard | Show criteria for each breed (i.e., what the ideal dog of each breed should look like if such an animal existed) |
| Swayback | A sunken-in back |
| Teacup | A miniature version of a particular breed |
| Topknot | A tuft of longer hair on top of the head |
| Thumb Marks | Black spots on the front ankles |
| Trace | A dark line that runs along a Pug’s spine |
Created by:
martiew