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Biology 2 - C01 - 01

🧬📗Module 1 Genetic Engineering and Recombinant DNA Technology 001

QuestionAnswer
What is genetic engineering? The deliberate modification of an organism’s DNA using biotechnology.
What is recombinant DNA technology? A method of combining DNA from different sources to create new genetic combinations.
What is a vector? A DNA carrier (often a plasmid or virus) used to deliver foreign genes into a host cell.
What is a plasmid? A small, circular DNA molecule used as a common cloning vector.
What is a transgenic organism? An organism that contains DNA from another species.
What do restriction enzymes do? They cut DNA at specific recognition sequences.
What are sticky ends? Single-stranded overhangs created by staggered restriction enzyme cuts.
What are blunt ends? Straight DNA cuts with no overhangs.
What does DNA ligase do? It seals DNA fragments by forming phosphodiester bonds.
What does reverse transcriptase do? It synthesizes complementary DNA (cDNA) from an mRNA template.
What is Step 1 of recombinant DNA technology? DNA isolation from donor and host organisms.
What is Step 2 of recombinant DNA technology? Cutting DNA with restriction enzymes to create compatible ends.
What is Step 3 of recombinant DNA technology? Ligation of foreign DNA into a vector.
What is Step 4 of recombinant DNA technology? Transformation of recombinant DNA into host cells.
What is Step 5 of recombinant DNA technology? Selection and screening of transformed cells.
What is transformation? The uptake of foreign DNA by a host cell.
What is heat-shock transformation? A method using temperature changes to make bacterial membranes permeable.
What is electroporation? Using electric pulses to open pores in cell membranes for DNA entry.
What is a selectable marker? A gene used to identify transformed cells, often antibiotic resistance.
What is blue-white screening? A method using lacZ disruption to distinguish recombinant from non-recombinant colonies.
What is gene therapy? The insertion of functional genes to treat genetic disorders.
What is CRISPR-Cas9? A gene-editing tool using guide RNA and Cas9 nuclease to cut DNA precisely.
What is a GMO? An organism whose genome has been altered using genetic engineering.
How is insulin produced using recombinant DNA? Human insulin gene is inserted into bacteria, which express the protein.
What is DNA fingerprinting? A technique using STRs to identify individuals.
What is biosafety level (BSL)? A classification of lab safety protocols based on organism risk.
What is bioethics? The study of ethical issues arising from biotechnology.
What is the Cartagena Protocol? An international agreement regulating the movement of GMOs.
What is gene drive? A genetic system that increases the likelihood of a gene being inherited.
What are off-target effects? Unintended DNA modifications caused by gene-editing tools.
What is biotechnology? The use of living systems or organisms and technology to develop products or processes for practical purposes.
What is cloning? Creating genetically identical copies of DNA, cells, or whole organisms; can occur naturally (identical twins) or be done artificially (e.g., somatic cell nuclear transfer) for research, agriculture, or therapeutic purposes.
What is DNA sequencing? Determining the exact order of nucleotides (A, T, C, G) in a DNA molecule to read genes or whole genomes, used in research, diagnostics, evolutionary studies, and forensics.
What is Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR)? A method using repeated heating/cooling cycles and DNA polymerase to amplify a specific DNA fragment.
What is genome editing? Techniques (e.g., CRISPR) that make precise, targeted changes to an organism’s DNA sequence.
 

 



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