a written agreement between countries in which they agree to do a particular thing or to help each other

an order usually having the force of law

optimal currency area

the geographic area in which a single currency would create the greatest economic benefit

an exchange rate that is not allowed to change in relation to others, e.g. under Bretton Woods agreement

floating exchange rate

an exchange rate when the value of a currency is allowed to change in relation to others

to fix something such as prices or wages at a particular level, or fix them in relation to something else

situation where currencies are pegged to some band or value , either fixed or periodically adjusted; a hybrid of fixed and floating exchange rate regimes

a currency that floats in value in terms of others currencies but is not free of government intervention

a way of controlling the exchange rate by fixing the value of currencies in relation to another currency, such as the dollar, by changing it from time to time if necessary

a way of controlling the exchange rate by changing it by small amounts at regular intervals

including all the peoples or countries of Europe

to say what units of money are used

to proportionally substitute national currency bill for bill with a lower denomination

something that gives you protection against a financial risk; e,g . futures(agreements to buy or sell currencies etc. on a fixed date in the future at a fixed price

a very big change or improvement

the process of making payments relating to cheques, buying investments, etc, clearing

any form of ownership that can be easily traded on a secondary market, such as stock and bonds

exercising sound judgement or common sense, especially in business matters

ability to work as intended or to succeed

to compare goods in different stores before deciding which to buy

an official or authoritative instruction or command

the tax people pay on their income and wages

the tax on wages and salaries or on company's profit

tax paid on property , sales transactions, import etc.

the tax levied at a higher rate on higher incomes

tax where people whit low incomes pay a larger percentage of what they earn than those whit high incomes

a tax that is charged at a rate that does not change as the amount of income , for example , increases

tax collected at each stage of production , excluding the already-taxed costs from previous stages

money that you make from stocks, bond, real estate

tax to which profit made by selling assets are liable

tax to which gifts and inheritances over a certain value are liable

a tax on certain goods produced and sold in country eg. cigarettes, and alcoholic drinks

making false declarations to the tax authorities

tax on goods brought into country

reducing the amount of tax you pay to a legal minimum

a way to delay the payment of tax to a later time , financial agreement which can reduce your tax liability

a country offering very low tax rates to foreign businesses

the amount of tax you have to pay

giving benefits instead of taxable money, eg company car, free health insurance , subsidized lunches

a list of deduction from taxable income

in tax terms, the cost of maintaining property or generating income

money that government gives back when you pay too much in taxes or have withheld too much of your salary

the process when someone withholds your wages to pay off your debt to a third party

an expense that you can subtract from your gross income

a tax that has to be paid by owners of houses

a category of tax payers, defined by how much money they make

releasing your tax information to a third party

disagreement about how much tax you have to pay

a disagreement between the managers and workers of a company , sometimes resulting in a strike

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IDIOMI ENG 4 ISPIT

ISPIT

Term	Definition
Treaty	a written agreement between countries in which they agree to do a particular thing or to help each other
decree	an order usually having the force of law
optimal currency area	the geographic area in which a single currency would create the greatest economic benefit
fixed exchange rate	an exchange rate that is not allowed to change in relation to others, e.g. under Bretton Woods agreement
floating exchange rate	an exchange rate when the value of a currency is allowed to change in relation to others
to peg	to fix something such as prices or wages at a particular level, or fix them in relation to something else
pegged float	situation where currencies are pegged to some band or value , either fixed or periodically adjusted; a hybrid of fixed and floating exchange rate regimes
dirty float	a currency that floats in value in terms of others currencies but is not free of government intervention
adjustable peg	a way of controlling the exchange rate by fixing the value of currencies in relation to another currency, such as the dollar, by changing it from time to time if necessary
crawling peg	a way of controlling the exchange rate by changing it by small amounts at regular intervals
pan-European	including all the peoples or countries of Europe
to denominate	to say what units of money are used
to re-denominate	to proportionally substitute national currency bill for bill with a lower denomination
hedging	something that gives you protection against a financial risk; e,g . futures(agreements to buy or sell currencies etc. on a fixed date in the future at a fixed price
quantum leap	a very big change or improvement
settlement	the process of making payments relating to cheques, buying investments, etc, clearing
securities	any form of ownership that can be easily traded on a secondary market, such as stock and bonds
prudential	exercising sound judgement or common sense, especially in business matters
viability	ability to work as intended or to succeed
shop around	to compare goods in different stores before deciding which to buy
mandate	an official or authoritative instruction or command
income tax	the tax people pay on their income and wages
direct tax	the tax on wages and salaries or on company's profit
indirect tax	tax paid on property , sales transactions, import etc.
progressive tax	the tax levied at a higher rate on higher incomes
regressive tax	tax where people whit low incomes pay a larger percentage of what they earn than those whit high incomes
proportional tax	a tax that is charged at a rate that does not change as the amount of income , for example , increases
value added tax	tax collected at each stage of production , excluding the already-taxed costs from previous stages
capital gains	money that you make from stocks, bond, real estate
capital gains tax	tax to which profit made by selling assets are liable
capital transfer tax	tax to which gifts and inheritances over a certain value are liable
excise tax	a tax on certain goods produced and sold in country eg. cigarettes, and alcoholic drinks
tax evasion	making false declarations to the tax authorities
customs tariff	tax on goods brought into country
tax avoidance	reducing the amount of tax you pay to a legal minimum
tax shelter	a way to delay the payment of tax to a later time , financial agreement which can reduce your tax liability
tax haven	a country offering very low tax rates to foreign businesses
tax liability	the amount of tax you have to pay
perks	giving benefits instead of taxable money, eg company car, free health insurance , subsidized lunches
itemized deduction	a list of deduction from taxable income
tax expenses	in tax terms, the cost of maintaining property or generating income
tax refund	money that government gives back when you pay too much in taxes or have withheld too much of your salary
garnishment	the process when someone withholds your wages to pay off your debt to a third party
tax deduction	an expense that you can subtract from your gross income
property tax	a tax that has to be paid by owners of houses
tax bracket	a category of tax payers, defined by how much money they make
tax disclosure	releasing your tax information to a third party
tax exempt	not having to pay tax
tax dispute	disagreement about how much tax you have to pay
industrial dispute	a disagreement between the managers and workers of a company , sometimes resulting in a strike
unauthorized	illegal , not allowed
impaired asset	an asset that has a market value less that the value listed on the company's balance sheet
national insurance	state system of paying money to people who are ill, unemployed, or retired
tax break	a period during which person or company is allowed to pay no tax or less tax then usual
digitalization	the process of converting information from a physical format into a digital one
digital wrapper	a data structure of software that contains ("wraps around") other data or software , so that the contained elements can exist in the newer system
interface	the point where two systems, subject etc. meet and affect each other
net neutrally	the idea that internet service providers should treat all content flowing through their cables equally
digital transformation	(typically) the transformation of business operation into an automated internet based operation
"digital economy"	a term for all of those economic processes , transactions, interactions and activities that are based on digital technologies
sharing economy	a system in which people offer the use of their skills or things they own , using the internet
peer-tp-peer activity	an activity of acquiring , providing or sharing access to goods and services that are facilitated by a community based on-line platform
peer economy	a decentralized model whereby two individuals interact to buy or sell goods and services directly whit each other , without an intermediary third-party
consumption	the shared use of a good service by a group
uberisation	refers to the utilisation of computing platforms, such as mobile applications , in order to facilitate peer-to-peer transaction between clients and providers of a sevice, often bypassing the role of centrally planned corporation
"gig" economy	way of working that is based on people having temporary jobs or doing separate pieces of work, each paid separately, rather than working for an employer
"slashers"	those who work multiple jobs
hyperconnectivity	use of many system and devices so that you are always connected to social networks and other sources of information
Internet of Things	the interconnection via the internet of computing devices embedded in everyday objects, enabling them to send and receive data
unicorn	a start-up company whit a value of over 1$ billion
at breakneck speed	reckless or dangerous; hazardous
conversant	familiar with or knowledgeable about something
paradigm	model for something which explains it or shows how it can be produced
digital savvy	using and knowing a lot about modern, digital technology
digital divide	an economic and social inequality with regard to access to, use of , or impact of information and communication technologies
digital native	someone who has grown up using technology such as the internet and mobile phones
digital dinosaur	business that have failed to embrace digital or even consider it
digital nomads	individuals who leverage wireless digital technologies to perform their work duties, and more generally conduct their lifestyle in a nomadic manner
digital disruption	transformation that is caused by emerging digital technologies and business model
passivepreneur	someone whose entrepreneurial efforts have resulted in them having a passive income that requires little to no effort
mompreneur	someone-usually a woman- who runs a business and is also a full time mother
studentpreneur	someone who starts a business while they are still in education- either full or part time
freepreneur	someone who only uses free or very low cost methods of setting up and running a business
socialpreneur	the owner of a social enterprise, a for-profit company that focuses on human well-being more than making money
wingpreneur	someone who provides something essential to a start up business -be it funding, support, knowledge, skill etc- but who takes a backseat in the overall running of a business
solopreneur	a business person who operates entirely on their own, and without support from others
infopreneur	someone who uses information ,as opposed to goods or services , to earn their main source of income
parent brand	the brand sold under its own name, rather than under the name of a particular manufacturer
brand awareness	the degree in which people know a brand
flagship brand	the most important brand owned by an organization
generic brand	the original or most widely recognized brand in a family of brands
brand positioning	emphasizing characteristics and benefits of a brand in relation to other brands
brand equity	the value of a brand to its owners, as sometimes shown on a firm's balance sheet
fighter brand	the brand-product that is launched along side of a brand's bestseller that competes in the marketplace for customers based on price
brand dilution	situation when consumers lose the original grasp of brand perception and no longer associate the brand with specific product
brand family	group of brands under the same umbrella of development
brand extension	situation when a company uses an existing brand name for new types of product
brand preference	the deliberate decision to choose one brand over another
brand trigger	a specific characteristic or message of a brand that makes change
flanker brand	brand-product that carries the brand's additional offerings
brand personality	a set of humans characteristics that are attributed to a brand name
brand imagery	anything that you can see, touch, taste, smell or hear and is associated to a particular brand
referral	the most powerful and cost-effective form of marketing most businesses can employ , usually word of mouth
customer relationship management	the principles, practices, and guidelines that an organization follows when interacting with its customers
customisation	making or changing something to meet the needs of the customer
brainchild	an original idea/invention
hallmark	a typical feature
trail-blazing	new , exciting and original
credentials	abilities and experience suitable for a particular activity
above-the line	relating to advertising on television, in newspapers, on the internet . etc,
below-the-line	relating to advertising , such as trade shows and direct mail, which communicate more directly with customers
to not pull the punches	to not hold back in one's criticism
below the belt	not fair
on the ropes	doing badly and likely to fail
saved by the bell	saved by the timely intervention of someone ore something to signal that one is going to quit
throw in the towel	to give up, to stop pursuing an objective
to keep moving the goalposts	changing the terms of a debate or a conflict after it has started
a level playing field	a situation that is fair to all; a situation where everyone has the same opportunity
to back the wrong horse	to support someone or something that can not win or succeed
par for the course	typical: about what one could expect
horses for courses	something that you say which means that it is important to choose suitable people for particular activities because everyone has different skills
to touch base	to talk to someone: to confer someone briefly
neck and neck	exactly even, especially in a race or a contest
a major player	a very influential person of group: a leading company or individual in a particular market or industry
to keep (people) outside	to persuade (people) to support you or to continue to support you
heavyweight	a person of great importance of influence
to drop the ball	to commit a faux pas or a fault or make a serious mistake
to play ball	to cooperate
the ball's in tour court	to be someone else's move , play, or turn
on the ball	knowledgeable; competent; attentive
whole new ball game	a situation; state of affairs
to run with the ball	to take an idea or plan and develop it further
give someone a hand	to help, aid , or assist someone
to count on the fingers of one hand	does not happen very often or exists in very small numbers
to turn hand to	to being doing (something)
to fall into the wrong hands	to become the possession of, or be discovered by , an unfriendly third party
to take into your own hands	to take control of something , seek to do something that is the responsibility of others
to go hand in hand	closely associated or connected
the right hand doesn't know what the left hand is doing	said to mean that the people in one part of an organization do not know what the people in other part are doing and this is causing confusion or difficulties
to keep hand in	practise a skill or hobby occasionally in order to remain fairly good at it
to live from hand to mouth	to have just enough money to live on and nothing extra
get a lot of time on my hands	to have a lot of free time and not know what to do with it
to get out of hand	to become difficult to control
to gain a foothold in	to gain a strong favourable position from witch further progress may be made
to carry a big stick	to have a lot of power , and therefore be able to get what you want
heart's in the right place	to be well-intentioned
to lose heart	to get discouraged
to sink heart	to feel disappointed
to set heart on	to really , really want to do or have something
to take heart	to find encouragement
close to heart	to care a lot about something
heart's not in it	to be no longer motivated to do something
heart of hearts	to trust inner feeling
change of hearts	to change one's mind
by heart	to memorize something word by word
heart-to-heart	to have an intimate discussion about one's true feelings
at heart	fundamentally
to jump the gun	to begin to soon
to clear a hurdle	to overcome an obstacle
to have the inside track	to have an advantage
to keep pace with	to stay even with others
to set the pace	to do it very well or well quickly and other people try to do the same
to hand the torch to someone	to hand over a particular duty responsibility to someone
to be out of the running	to be no longer considered
to come in a close second	to be almost as successful as someone or something else
to stoop to that	to lower your moral standards by doing something that is unpleasant , dishonest , or unfair
to be completely straight	to be completely honest
to be as straight as a die	to be completely or totally straight
to be on the level	to be honest, truthful
distorted version of truth	version of truth represented in an untrue way
to twist the facts	to deliberately change the meaning of what someone has said, or to present facts in a particular way , in order to benefit yourself of harm someone else
crooked lawyer	someone who act in a disreputable , unethical , or unscrupulous way , especially in the practice of law and politics
to put own spit on	to twist a report or story to one's advantage; to interpret and event to make it seem favourable or beneficial to oneself or one's caouse
applicant pool	the total number of applicant applying form a particular position
flitter	one who goes from one company to another
poverty tourism	type of tourism helping the very poorest in developing countries, has been receiving increasing attention by those involved in development
sustainable tourism	type of tourism envisaged as leading to management of all resources in such a way that economic, social and aesthetic needs can be fulfilled while maintaining cultural integrity
ecotourism	responsible travel to fragile, pristine and usually protected areas that strive to be low impact and small scale
dark tourism	tourism involving visits to battlegrounds, castles , scenes of horrific crimes
medical tourism	patient movement from highly developed nations to other areas of the world for medical care, usually to find treatment at a lower cost
recession tourism	travel trend, which evolved by way of the world economic crisis defined by low-cost , high-value experiences taking place of once-popular generic retreats
creative tourism	active participation of travellers in the culture of the host community , through interactive workshops and informal learning experiences, promoting an active understanding of the specific cultural features of place
literary tourism	cultural tourism that deals with places and events from fictional text as well as the lives of theirs authors
culinary tourism	pursuit of unique and memorable eating and drinking experiences, referring to trips in which local cuisine plays an important role
incentive tourism	unforgettable and entertaining trips paid by employers , with the main purpose of encouraging employees to reach challenging business goals of the company
tourist generated region	the place where the tourists come from : the location of the basic market of the tourist industry , the source of potential tourism demand
amenities	facilities of a place that make life there easy or pleasant
catering	facilities providing food and drinks
to endow	to provide with something freely or naturally
destination	place to which somebody or something is going or being sent
provision	giving or making something available , providing something
customised	building or fit according to individual specifications
to embrace	to completely accept something( a new belief , idea, or a way of life )
deep in debt	a person with financial problems is said to be over their head or...?
tap out	to lose one's money in gambling or the securities markets
dry up	to run dry
to throw down the drain	to waste money ; to throw money like water
solvent	someone who is without debt
channel	to funnel money into something
sponge off	when a person prefers to spend your money instead of their own
bail out	to rescue someone or something from trouble , difficulty financial problems etc.
affluent	someone who is rich
soak off	an expensive outlay is said to absorb or... a large part of your income
pour	when someone invests money in something , they prime ......... or inject money into it
keep head above water	to keep up with one's work; to have just enough money to live or to continue a business
like a fish out of water	feeling strange and out of place
water under the bridge	past and forgotten
to spend money like water	to spend without thinking
land him in hot water	get into trouble
like water off duck's back	no effect on me
watered down	made less forceful
doesn't hold water	is not credible
to have low standards	to expect less from someone ( for whatever reason)
to be devious	to be dishonest , often in a complicated way, but often also clever and successful
lead someone up the garden path	to deceive someone by making them believe something which is not true
scale fall from you eyes	to finally understand the truth about something
to siphon something off	to transfer something from one place to another , often illegally
to be taken for a ride	to be deceived or cheated by someone
to pull the wool over somebody's eyes	to trick someone , often by saying things that are not true
to lie through your teeth	to lie openly or brazently , knowing that what you are saying is completely false
on the fiddle	a dishonest method of getting money or other benefits
economical with the truth	without actual lying, a person omits important facts or gives incomplete information
to be taken to the cleaners	to lose lot of money in an unfair way , usually by being robbed or cheated
shoulder-surfing	the practice of looking over someone's shoulder when they are using a computer or other electronic device in order to obtain personal information( identification, account number , password, etc.)

Created by: Iv3008

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