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Chapter 5
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| evolution | "change over time" |
| gene | a sequence of DNA that codes for a particular trait |
| mutation | change in DNA |
| genetic drift | biological evolution that occurs by chance |
| natural selection | the process by which traits that improve an organism's chances for survival and reproduction are passed on more frequently to future generations than those who that do not |
| fitness | how reproductively successful an organism is in its environment |
| adaptation | a heritable trait that increases an individual's fitness |
| artificial selection | the process of selection conducted under human direction |
| speciation | the process by which new species are generated |
| extinction | the disappearance of a species from Earth |
| niche | its use of resources and its functional role in a community |
| tolerance | the ability to survive and reproduce under changing environmental conditions |
| resource partitioning | when the species partition, or divide, the resource they use in common by specializing in different ways |
| predation | the process by which an individual of one species, a predator, hunts, captures, kills, and consumes an individual of another species. |
| coevolution | the process by which two species evolve in response to changes in each other |
| parasitism | a relationship in which one organism, the parasite, depends on another, the host, for nourishment or some other benefit |
| symbiosis | a long-lasting and physically close relationship in which at least one organism benefits |
| herbivory | the interaction in which an animal feeds on a plant |
| mutualism | a relationship in which two or more species benefit |
| commensalism | a relationship in which one species benefits and the other is unaffected |
| primary producer | organisms that capture energy from the sun or from chemicals and store it in the bonds of sugar, making energy available to the rest of the community |
| photosynthesis | the process by which primary producers use sunlight to convert carbon dioxide and water into sugars, releasing oxygen along the way. |
| chemosynthesis | when primary producers use energy stored in the bonds of hydrogen sulfide to convert carbon dioxide and water into sugars |
| consumers | organisms that rely on other organisms for energy and nutrients |
| cellular respiration | the process by which organisms use oxygen to release the chemical energy of sugars such as glucose, releasing carbon dioxide and water as a byproduct |
| herbivore | primary consumers that eat plants |
| carnivore | secondary and tertiary that kill and eat other animals |
| omnivore | animals that eat both plant and animal food |
| detritivore | consumers that eat detritus, nonliving organic matter that include leaf litter, waste products, and the dead bodies of other community members |
| decomposer | organisms that break down nonliving matter into simpler parts that can be taken up and reused by primary producers |
| trophic level | an organisms rank in a feeding hierarchy |
| biomass | the total amount of living tissue a trophic level contains. |
| food chain | a linear series of feeding relationships |
| food web | a visual map of feeding relationships and energy flow, showing the many paths by which energy and nutrients pass among organisms as they consume one another |
| keystone species | a species that has strong or wide-reaching impact on a community |
| succession | when a community experiences a somewhat predictable change of series of changes over time |
| primary succession | when a disturbance is so severe that no vegetation or soil life remain |
| pioneer species | species that colonize the newly exposed land first |
| secondary succession | begins when a disturbance dramatically alters an existing community but does not destroy all living things or all organic matter in the soil |
| invasive species | a nonnative organism that spreads widely in a community |
Created by:
ellisha