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science Finals
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Seismograph | Records magnitude of earthquake and time seismic waves arrive. |
| P-waves | fastest push-pull |
| S-waves | side-to-side slower than P-waves |
| Surface waves | push-pull AND side-to-side most damaging because they're on the surface |
| Types of permanent strain | brittle ductile |
| Folds | a form of ductile strain where rock layers bend, normally a result of compression. most easily seen where flat layers of rock were compressed/squeezed inward. vary in size |
| Types of folds | Anticlines are arched upwards Synclines are arched downwards monoclines are where both limbs horizontal or close too |
| Ways heat travels | Radiation Conduction convection |
| Focus | Point of origin |
| Divergent Boundaries | where plates are pulling away from each other |
| Convergent Boundaries | where 2 plates come together |
| Hot Spots | a long-lived source of magma within the asthenosphere and below the moving lithospheric plate |
| Unitormitarianism | the belief that processes that happen today are similar to processes that happened throughout history |
| Correlation | When geologists try to match rocks in different locations to see if they were made at the same time or under similar conditions. |
| Index Fossils | remains of organisms that existed for a brief time but over a large area |
| 1/2 Life | the time it takes for 1/2 the elements in a radioactive sample to change into decay product. |
| Superposition | rocks at the bottom of undisturbed are the oldest |
| Original Horizontality | Sedimentary layers were horizontal when they were deposited. |
| Crosscutting Relationships | Intrusions of magma are always younger than the rocks they invade. |
| Sedimentary Rocks | weathered remains of other rocks. Usually form from the compression and cementing of sediments. |
| Crystalline sedimentary rocks | decomposed by chemical precipitation of materials from solution in seawater. |
| Metamorphic rocks | form when sedimentary and igneous rocks are changed by heat and/or pressure. only kind of rock that forms directly from another rock. process may make new minerals form and/or crystals grow. |
| Contact Metamorphism | Rocks are altered at or near the Earths surface as a result of magma or lave being nearby. |
| Regional Metamorphism | When rocks are transformed by heat and pressure deep within the Earth. |
| Rock Cycle | A model of natural changes in rocks and rock material. Nearly all rocks are made from the remains of other rocks (not coal and other organic sedimentary rocks). Rocks are classified on the basis of their origin. variety of ways that rocks can change |
| steps of rock Cycle | Magma solidifies into Igneous Rocks. Ig. rocks weather, erode, deposit into Sediments. Sed. compresses, sements to Sedimentary Rocks. Sed. R. heat, crystals grow, new minerals form to get Metamorphic Rock. Met. R. then melts back into magma. |
| Natural Resources | substances that come from the Earth. |
| Renewable Resources | Can be replaced after they have been used. |
| Nonrenewable Resources | Can't be replenished for millions of years if ever. Metals and ores are nonrenewable. Also Fossil Fuels. |
| Minerals | Naturally occurring, uniform solid substances that are inorganic . What rocks are made of. A little over 12 minerals make up 98% of the Earth's mass. |
| Color | A useful way to easily identify minerals, but sometimes misleading. |
| Luster | The way light is reflected from the freshly cut surface of a mineral . Lusters are: Metallic, glassy, waxy, pearly, dull/earthy. |
| Streak | The powered form of the mineral. The test is to rub a fresh corner of the mineral across a white, unglazed streak plate. |
| Crystal Structure | A crystal is a regularly shaped solid formed by an ordered pattern of atoms. |
| Hardness | You test for hardness by scratching the unknown mineral with the edge or point of other minerals of know hardness. Moh's Scale!! |
| Cleavage | If a mineral breaks readily in specific directions (straight lines) |
| Fracture | If a mineral doesn't break readily in specific directions |
| Density | The density of many minerals fall within the range 2.5 to 3.5g/cm3. There are two ways to find density: dividing the mass of a sample by its volume, or by flotation. |
| Specific Gravity | A ratio of the density of a substance to the density of water. Waters density is 1.0 g/cm3 |
| Rocks | Nearly all rocks are made of one or more minerals. |
| Igneous Rocks | Always the result of solidification of lava/magma. Cooling time changes the size of crystals; slow cooling allows the molecules enough time to form large crystals. fast cooling time makes smaller crystals. |
| Classification | crystal size and color. |
| Vesicular | Rocks that contain many holes created by expanding gas as the magma rose to the Earths surface. |
Created by:
M0l