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Geography
Chapter 2 the earths surface.
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| What is the structure of the earth? | The earth is made up of three layers the crust,the mantle,and the core |
| Explain what the crust is | The crust is the outside layer of the earth,it is made of solid rock. The oceans and continents lie on top of the crust. |
| Explain what the mantle is. | The mantle lies under the crust.here,molten (melted) or semi molten rock called magma is moved around by currents like bubbles in a pot of boiling water. |
| What is the core | The core is the centre of the earth, it is made of iron and nickel.it is the hottest part of the earth at 6,000 Celsius,the core can be divided into the inner core and the outer core. |
| What are plates. | The earths crust is broken into pieces called plates, the plates sit on top of the mantle. the plates with land on top of them are called continental plates,and the plates with oceans on top of them are called oceanic plates. |
| What is a plate boundary? | The line where two plates meet is called a plate boundary. |
| What are convection currents ? | Convection currents move the magma around in the mantle in circular motions,this causes the plates to move |
| What are plate tectonics? | The study of plates and their movements |
| What is continental drift | The process of plate movement |
| What is Pangea? | A huge land mass of joined continents meaning all land,discovered by German scientist Alfred wegener because he thought the continents looks like a jigsaw puzzle that had once been joined. |
| What is the first stage of a convection current occurring? | Magma is heated in the mantle it rises towards the crust. |
| What is the second stage of convection currents occurring? | As it rises,it cools,and sinks back down into the mantle creating a convection current. |
| What is the third stage of a convection current occurring? | Thus process of circular motion is constantly repeated. |
| What is the fourth stage of convection currents occurring? | The movement of convection currents pushes and pulls the plates,causing slab pull and ridge push |
| What is slab pull? | Slab pull is when older,denser plates sink into the mantle,pulling plates behind them. |
| What is ridge push? | Ride push is when new crust is formed,pushing the plates at either side apart. |
| What do plates that collide have? What type of boundary? | Plates that collide with each other have destructive (or convergent) boundaries,here crust is destroyed |
| What happens when the plates collide? | Huge pressure is built up and the heavier plate is pushed under the lighter plate in a process called subduction. |
| What type of boundary to plates that separate have.? | Plates that separate from each other have constructive (or divergent) boundaries,here,crust is created. |
| What is the process of plates that separate? | The plates move apart from eachroehr and a gap is formed between the two plates,magma rises out of the mantle to fill the gap,the magma cools and hardens to form new crust when this happens under the sea it is called sea floor spreading |
| What boundary to plates that slide past each other have? | Plates that side past each other have passive boundaries,crust is neither created nor destroyed here. |
| What is the process of two plates sliding past each other? | These plates get locked together and the release a huge amount of energy when they slide past each other, |
| What would the impacts of sliding plates be? | Sliding plates cause earthquakes and fault lines,which are long deep cracks in the earths crust. |
| Where does most volcanic activity occur? | Most volcanic active happens around the edge of the pacific plate which is why this area is known as the pacific ring of fire. |
| What does volcanic activity create! | Volcanic activity creates volcanic mountains,mid ocean ridges and volcanic islands. |
| What happens in a magma chamber? | Hot molten rock,known as magma can rise up from an area within the earths crust called a magma chamber through a vent. |
| What’s a vent! | A vent is a narrow tube in the crust |
| When magma is on the surface,what is it called? | When magma reaches the surface it is called lava. |
| When happens when a volcano erupts? | Lava,hot ash and rocks are thrown into the air as the volcano erupts and an ash cloud is formed,this creates a build up of material around the vent |
| What happens as more eruptions occur? | As more eruptions occur,layers of lava harden on top of other hardened layers until a cone shaped volcanic mountain is formed,the lava continues to flow from an opening called a crater at the top of the volcano. |
| What are active volcanoes | Active volcanoes erupt regularly e.g mouth etna in Sicily,Italy, |
| What are dormant volcanoes | Dormant volcanoes have not erupted for a long time but might erupt again,e.g mouth Vesuvius in Italy |
| What are extinct volcanoes? | Extinct volcanoes will not erupt again,e.g croghan hill in co. Offaly. |
| Explain how mid ocean ridges are formed. | Magma can rise up from the mantle through the crust,then it cools,hardens,and builds up forming a ridge of rock called mid ocean ridges at the constructive boundary. |
| What is the mid Atlantic ridge? | In the middle of the Atlantic Ocean,the North American plate and the South American plate are separating from the Eurasian and African plates,and the magma that rises up through the cracks or fissures there is creating a chain of mountains on the seabed. |
| What are volcanic islands? | Volcanic islands are Mountains on the seabed,formed when magma wells up through the cracks in the crust,sometimes rise above the surface of the ocean,e.g Iceland |
| List two social impacts of volcanic activity. | Loss of human life and homes Ash from volcanic eruptions can lead to travel disruptions |
| List two economic impacts of volcanic activity. | Soils made from lava are rich in minerals making them suitable for agriculture Water heated underground by volcanic activity can be used to generate geothermal energy. |
| Epxlain geothermal energy | Geothermal energy is created using heat from the earths crust |
| List two environmental impacts of volcanic activity. | Gases produced by volcanoes e,g sulfur dioxide can poison people who live nearby causing acid rain Volcanic activity can also trigger other types of dangerous mass movement e,g landslides |
| What is a Lahar? | A Lahar is formed When volcanic material mixes with water from rivers,rain,melting snow,ice etc,a river of mud called a lahar is created,it can destroy towns and villages in their path. |
| Explain geothermal energy in more depth, | Geothermal energy is when the heat of the earth is used to heat water,create steam used to make electricity ,providing power to homes etc. it is cheap and sustainable. |
| What can the water heated by geothermal energy be used for? | Water heated by geo energy can be piped into offices etc to heat them,water used for geothermal heating systems is reused to water plants. |
| How does geothermal energy effect agriculture? | Crops such as tomatoes and flowers are grown in greenhouses that are heated using geothermal energy, |
| What does tourism provide? | Many job opportunities,can lead to soil erosion can increasing property prices. |
| What was 2 damage caused in the natural disaster,cumbre Vieja,la Parma. | Over 1000+ people lost homes,70km of road networks destroyed. |
| Name 2 short term responses in Cumbre vieja,la palma. | All flights cancelled in local airport of la palma,tourism gravely effected,many tourists had to return home. |
| Name two long term responses in cumbre vieja,la palma.. | Estimated cost of damaged cause by volcanic eurorion was 843 million euro. Spanish government pledged 225 million euro to the local people to help with homes lost due to eruption. |
| Name 2 volcanos in Ireland | Lambay island off coast of co.dubli,active 450+ million years ago,currently extinct,giants the giants cuaseway in co.antrim,isn’t a volcano,for,ed as result of volcanic activity. |
| What are earthquakes? | Sudden tremors or vibrations in earths crust. |
| What happens when plates are pressing against,(colloding)or sliding past each other | There can be a build up of pressure along the fault line,when the plates move,the sudden release of pressure results in earthquake. |
| What is the focus? | The point beneath the surface wheee earthquake happens is callled the focus. |
| What is the epicentre. | The point on the surface directly above the focus is called the epicentre. |
| What do sesmic waves (tremors/vibrations) do here? | They reduce in strength farther away you move from epicentre,greatest damage occurs close to epicentre. |
| What is magnitude? | The measure of the size of an earthquake. |
| What measures tremors in earths crust? | Seismographs are used to measure tremors in earths crust |
| How does the Ritcher + moment magnitude scale used to show? | They are used to show strength of earthquake,ritcher scale ranges between 1-10, each unit is x10 stronger than b4, |
| Name two damages caused by earthquakes | Loss of life,damaged buildings. |
| How do you reduce damage caused by earthquakes, | Earthquake and tsunami drills,early warning systems. |
| What was the damage caused in case study,Türkiye/syria earthquake | Magnitude of 7.8 earthquake caused Loss of lives,destroyed buildings. |
| What was the short term response and impact in the case study,earthquake Türkiye/syria. | Emergency rescue teams sent to search for survivors Temporary camps set up for people left homeless. |
| What was the long term response and impact of the Türkiye earthquake case study. | Increase in poverty rates Expensive damage cost from earthquake |
| What are fold mountains? | Fold mountains form when tow plates collide,(destcrtuive plate boundaries) |
| Explain the process of a fold mountain being formed. | Heavier plate and lighter plate collide,heavier plate sinks to the mantle,lighter plate buckles upward because it has nowhere else to go,causing fold mountains to form |
| What can happen to the magma formed from the heavier plate melting into the mantle? | The magma can move to the surface,forming volcanoes. |
| If to lighter plates collide,what happens? | If two lighter plates collide,both buckle upwards,forming fold mountains. |
| What are fold mountains made up of? | Anticlines and synclines |
| What are the periods of folding? | Alpine,Amorican,Caledonian. |
| What is the main type of farming in mountainous areas? | Cattle, |
| Are crops grown in mountainous areas? | Not usually,because machinery on the slopes and the weather conditions are not good for it |
| What happens when trees are cut down? | It can lead to soil erosion and flooding. |
| Give one example of destructive plate boundaries | The Himalayas |
| Give one example of constructive plate boundaries, | Mid Atlantic ridge. |
| Give one exmaple of passive plates | San Andreas fault. |
| When did the alpine period of folding occur and name an example of it. | 30-35 million years ago,exmaple is the rockies in North America. |
| When did the American period of folding occur,name one example of it. | Eurasian and African plates collided 250 million years ago, Example is maxgillycuddys reeks, |
| When did the Caledonian period of folding occur and name one example of it | 400 million years ago when Eurasian plate and American plate collided,exmaple is the Appalachian mountains in North America |
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