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psyc241 final
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| clinical symptoms of MDD | mental anguish, inability to experience pleasure, loss of interest in world |
| monoamines | dopamine, norepinephrine, epinephrine, serotonin |
| monoamine hypothesis of MDD | depression as a chemical imbalance of the brain involving neurotransmitters like DA and 5-HT |
| BDNF | brain derived neurotrophic factor |
| BDNF signaling | involved in neuronal growth and synaptic restructuring |
| levels of BDNF are increased | by antidepressants |
| neurotrophic/neurogenesis hypothesis of MDD | depression as a structural abnormality mediated by monoamine |
| mice given antidepressants with neuronal proliferation disabled | didn't show MDD symptom resolution |
| SVZ | sub ventricular zone |
| SGZ | sub granular zone |
| dendritic arborization | branching of a neuron's dendrites |
| SGZ and SVZ are involved in | structural formation hypotheses of why monoamine antidepressants work |
| schizophrenia symptoms | psychotic episodes, positive and negative symptoms |
| hypofrontality theory of schizophrenia | decreased PFC activity precedes first psychotic episode |
| prodromal phase of hypofrontality theory | negative symptoms precede first psychotic schizophrenic episode |
| prenatal infection with influenza during 2nd/3rd trimester predisposes fetus to | schizophrenia |
| genetic and environmental factors of schizophrenia reflect a possible failure to express genes needed to complete | cortical neuronal migration |
| many drugs effective against positive schizophrenia symtpoms block this monoamine's receptors | dopamine |
| theory of dopamine signaling as schizophrenia's pathogenesis proposes ---- for the explanation of positive symptoms | excess dopamine transmission |
| some schizophrenia drugs cause symptoms of what disease because of their effect on dopamine levels | Parkinson's disease |
| atypical antipsychotics | therapeutic agent for sz associated with fewer side effects, targets not only D2 receptors |
| drive state | survival state driving behavior towards positive goals and and away from negative ones |
| electrical stimulation acts like a reward because it | evokes a drive state and recruits neural systems usually activated by reinforcing stimuli |
| MFB | medial forebrain bundle |
| dopamine encoding | DAergic neurons APs induced by MFB stimulation, causing dopamine release in target motivation/reward regions |
| full agonist effect on receptor function | full agonist bind, maximal response (of activity level) |
| dopamine release is more salient dependent on | how novel a stimulus is |
| anticipatory learning | increase in DAergic signals predictive of impending rewards, such that the presentation of the reward isn't the main driver behind the reward response |
| aversive learning | dependent on dopamine signals dipping below baseline |
| opponent-process theory of addiction | people take drugs to feel good and keep taking them to avoid the negative side effects of withdrawal |
| Aberrant learning theory of addiction | cues that predict availability of reward activate dopamine circuits sometimes better than the reward itself, and the result is very strong habits or learned behaviors |
| incentive-sensitization theory of addiction | addiction dependent on neuroadaptations caused by repeated drug use that result in literal structural change in circuits activated by addiction |
| psychedelics | have the ability to alter sensory perception |
| LSD thought to bind to these receptors as an agonist | 5-HT1 and 5-HT2 |
| learning | process by which we acquire knowledge information by experience, a long-term behavior change as a function of experience |
| memory | process by which knowledge is encoded, stored, and later retrieved |
| long-term memory can be further categorized into | declarative memory and procedural/nondeclarative memory |
| declarative memory can be further categorized into | semantic memory and episodic memory |
| declarative memory | explicit memory, ex. facts |
| procedural/nondeclarative memory | implicit or unaware memory, ex. skills |
| semantic memory | "knowing," ex. mother's name, meanings of words |
| episodic memory | "remembering," ex. first day of college |
| HF | hippocampus |
| memory encoding | information for each memory is assembled from multiple sensory systems and pushed through HF feed-forward cycle |
| memory consolidation | conversion of encoded information into storable format |
| memory storage | deposition of memories back into association cortices |
| memory retrieval | reactivation of information from association cortices |
| memory reconsolidating | conversion of retrieved memory back into storable format |
| 3 distinct stages of memory encoding | sensory register/memory, short-term store, and long-term store |
| HF feed-forward cycle | one-directional pathway of excitatory glutamatergic circuit involved in memory retrieval and reprocessing |
| LTP | long-term potentiation |
| long-term potentiation | a form of synaptic plasticity resulting in long-term enhancement in signal transmission between two neurons because of their synchronous stimulation |
| Hebb's rule | cells that fire together, wire together |
| LTP occurs in | all neural regions known to impact memory storage |
| long-term depression | process of undoing LTP, uncoupling of functional strengths between synapses |
| engrams | a neural substrate involved in memory formation and retrieval |
| Alzheimer's disease symptoms | gradual and progressive loss of neurons, deficits in memory and cognition |
| post mortem neuropathology of Alzheimer's disease | neurofibrilary tangles and amyloid plaques |
| between-neron communication | chemical signaling |
| within-neuron communication | electrical signaling |
| sodium-potassium pump ion exchange | 3 Na out and 2 K in |
| at rest, leakier K ion permeability compared to Na ion permeability is | concentration gradient dependent |
| falling phase of the AP | K ion-driven repolarization |
| unidirectional AP propagation | begins at the axon hillock, because this is the only region with surface-level voltage-sensitive Na and K channels |
| saltatory conduction | propagation of APs along myelin sheath from one node of Ranvier to the next, insulation increasing AP speed |
| graded potential | summation of post-synaptic inputs/charges |
| EPSP | excitatory post-synaptic potential, depolarizing, Na ion entry |
| IPSP | inhibitory post-synaptic potential, hyperpolarizing, K ion exit, Cl ion entry |
| temporal summation | occurs over time over dendrites and soma |
| spatial summation | occurs over space of dendrites and soma |
| depolarization of presynaptic terminal | caused by the arrival of the AP |
| NTs are synthesized and stored in | vesicles in the presynaptic terminal |
| Ca2+ ion channels opened (& Ca2+ influx occurs) because of | presynaptic terminal depolarization |
| Ion that causes NT vesicles to fuse with presynaptic membrane | Ca2+ |
| Exocytosis | processing by which NTs are released into the synapse |
| crieria of neurotransmitters | synthesis, storage, release, and removal |
| excitatory/glutamatergic synapses | produce EPSPs in the next cell |
| inhibitory/GABAergic synapses | produce IPSPs in the next cell |
| ionotropic receptors | direct gating, ligand-gated ion channels |
| metabotropic receptors | indirect gating, protein-coupled receptors |
| mechanoreceptors | sense touch and proprioception |
| thermoreceptors | sense temperature |
| nociceptors | sense mechanical, temperature, and polymodal stimuli |
| photoreceptors | rods and cones, detect photons |
| rods | monochromatic, sensitive to light |
| cones | color vision cells, less sensitive to light, selective for specific wavelengths of light |
| fovea | focal point, only place where cones are found |
| the size of a ganglion cell's receptive field depends on | its location in the retina |
| cell types of the primary visual cortex | simple and complex |
| LGN | lateral geniculate nucleus |
| simple PVC cells | receive input from LGN in the form that ganglion cells receive it, send information to complex cells |
| complex PVC cells | form own receptive field based on information from simple cells, where details of edges and shading emerge |
| dorsal visual pathway stream | monocular and binocular (spatial) cues, perception of movement |
| ventral visual pathway stream | form recognition and conscious representations of objects' identity |
| vestibular system | 3D positioning of sounds |
| inner ear | transforms mechanical sound waves into neural signals |
| auditory hair cell mechanical depolarization | vibration moves through their cilia, which opens K+ ion gates at their ends, leading to the opening of voltage-gated Ca2+ channels |
| the opening of K+ and Ca2+ ion channels in hair cells | prompts vesicles containing transmitters to be released at the synapse with an afferent nerve |
| input from the cochlea ennervates | both hemispheres of the brain |
| primary auditory cortex | end of the sensory modality, and has a tonotropic representation of the cochlea |
| secondary auditory cortex | makes sense of, perceives, sound combinations and meanings |
| RAS | reticular activating system |
| RAS regions | raphe nuclei, locus coeruleus, and cholinergic nuclei of the pons |
| reticular activating system | gatekeeper for consciousness in the brainstem |
| executive/wakefulness network | posterior hypothalamus, thalamocortical neurons of the thalamus, and the basal nucleus of Meynert |
| non-REM sleep begins with | the disappearance of the cholinergic effects of wakefulness |
| anterior raphe 5-HT neurons projecting to the preoptic area of the anterior hypothalamus | activate mostly GABAergic non-REM-on neurons, leading to the widespread inhibition of the wakefulness network |
| antihistamine drugs | suppress histaminergic neurons in the hypothalamus, part of the wakefulness center |
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