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chem midterm terms
| Term | Definition | Question | Answer |
|---|---|---|---|
| scientific method | a way to identify an answer to a science question. Always starts with a question | How many s, p, d, and f orbitals are there? | 1, 3, 5, and 7 |
| observation | when you intentionally stare at an object or a living thing | How many electrons can each sublevel hold? | s - 2 p - 6 d - 10 f - 14 |
| hypothesis | educated guess or an idea we think will happen | Describe the shapes of the s and p orbitals | s shape - sphere and p shape - dumbbell |
| experiment | when you test something | ||
| conclusion | your end result to your question and overall experiment | ||
| independent variable | the variable that I change | ||
| dependent variable | the resulting variable | ||
| controlled variables or constants | everything we keep the same in the experiment | ||
| control group | the object before being tested | ||
| measurements | numbers that define volume, width, and height | ||
| metric system | (largest) K H D b (m) d c m (smallest) | ||
| significant figures (digits) | display how precise a measurement is | ||
| density | is a measure of how much mass of a substance occupies a certain volume | ||
| solid | define shape in volume, particles vibrate | ||
| liquid | define volume but indefinite shape, particles flow and take the shape of its container | ||
| gas | indefinite shape and volume, will fill any container they occupy | ||
| matter | it occupies space and has mass and volume | ||
| mass | the amount of matter | ||
| atoms | smallest unit of an element that maintains the properties of that element | ||
| element | defined as pure substances made from only one type of atom | ||
| compounds | a substance that is made from the atoms of 2 or more elements that are CHEMICALLY combined | ||
| molecules | smallest possible unit of an element or compound that retains all of the properties of that element or compound | ||
| physical property | is a quality or condition of a substance that can be observed or measured without changing the identity of the substance | ||
| chemical property | is the ability of a substance to undergo a particular chemical reaction to form one or more new substances | ||
| heterogenous mixture | not uniform throughout | ||
| (solution) homogenous mixture | are uniform in composition | ||
| electrons | move about the nucleus in energy levels or reside | ||
| protons | positive charge reside in the nucleus | ||
| neutrons | neutral charge reside in the nucleus | ||
| nucleus | is a membrane-bound organelle in eukaryotic cells that contains genetic material (DNA) and controls cell activities | ||
| atomic number | total number of protons in an atom. number of electrons for neutral atom | ||
| mass number | total number of protons and neutrons in the neutrons in the nucleus of an atom | ||
| isotope | atoms of the same element that have different numbers of neutrons | ||
| ion | atoms with a charge | ||
| groups | colums | ||
| periods | rows | ||
| valence electron | an electron in the outermost or highest occupied energy level of an atom | ||
| ground state | electron in the lowest possible energy level | ||
| excited state | gained energy and is in a higher energy level | ||
| atomic emission spectrum | the pattern formed when light emitted by an element is separated into the wavelengths it contains | ||
| paul exclusion principle | the restriction on the placement of electrons into the same orbital. If 2 electrons occupy the same orbital, they must have opposite spins | ||
| hund's rule | electrons distributed among orbitals of the same sublevel when there is more than one way to distribute them. Electrons will pair up in an orbital only when all orbitals in the same sublevel have one electron | ||
| aufbau principle | electrons fill orbitals starting from the lowest energy level |
Created by:
Sophie.Spies28
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