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Biology semester
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Organization | degree of order within an organism |
| Cell | smallest living unit of an organism |
| unicellular organisms | made of 1 cell |
| multicellular organisms | made up of many cells |
| atoms | smallest known substance |
| organelles | smallest structures within cells |
| tissues | group of cells with a similar function |
| organs | group of tissues with a similar function |
| systems | group of organs with a similar function |
| organism | a complete living thing |
| stimulus | change in the environment that causes an organism to respond |
| homeostasis | ability to remain stable even when conditions are changing |
| development | process by which a multicellular organism becomes an adult |
| gene | segment of DNA that codes for a single trait |
| evolution | a change through time |
| natural selection | favorable traits are passed to offspring that survive and produce successfully |
| hypothesis | explanation for the way a particular aspect of the natural world functions |
| matter | is anything that occupies space and has mater |
| mass | is the quantity of matter and object has |
| elements | single kind of atom |
| atoms | are composed of protons and neutrons and electrons |
| valence electrons | electrons located in the outermost shell of an atom |
| covalent bonds | formed when 2 atoms share electrons |
| ion | charged atom |
| ionic bonds | formed when atoms gain or lose electrons and are attracted to each other |
| chemical reactions | one or more substances change to produce a new substance |
| activation Energy | energy needed to get a reaction to occur |
| oxidation | loses an electron becoming positive |
| reduction | gains an electron becoming negative |
| polar | uneven distribution of charge in a compound |
| cohesion | attractive force that holds molecules of a single substance together |
| adhesion | attractive force between two particles of different substances |
| capillarity | the rise of water through narrow tubes |
| surface tension | the skin found on the surface of water due to hydrogen bonding |
| solution | mixture where one or more substances are uniformly distributed |
| amino acids | monomers of proteins |
| enzymes | speed up chemical reactions by binding to specific substrates |
| lock and key model | specific enzymes for a substrate |
| induces fit model | enzymes changes shape to fit |
| fatty acids | unbranched long carbon with a carboxyl group attached |
| Nuclear Envelope | double membrane that surrounds the nucleus |
| nuucleolus | makes ribosomes and RNA |
| smooth ER | Builds lipids |
| rough ER | has ribosomes |
| lysosomes | digestive enzymes |
| peroxisomes | detoxification enzymes |
| diffusion | movement of molecules from an area of higher concentration to a area of lower concentration |
| osmosis | diffusion of water across a membrane with the gradient |
| faciltated diffusion | molecules bind to carrier on one side of the cell membrane |
| ion channels | proteins that provide small passageways across the cell membrane through which specific ions can diffuse |
| Na/K pump | sodium potassium pump, Moves 3 NA+ ions into the cells external environment for every 2 K+ ions move into the cell |
| Endocytosis | cells ingest external materials by folding around them forming a pouch |
| exocytosis | vesicles made by the cell membrane with the cell membrane releasing their contents into external environment |
| thylakoid | a sac filled with fluid |
| grana | stacks of thylakoid (stacks like coins) |
| stroma | fluid surrounding the thylakoid |
| light reactions | light energy is converted into chemical energy (ATP and NADH energy carrier) |
| dark reactions | (calvin cycles) organic compounds are formed using CO2 and energy stored in ATP and NADH |
| C4 pathway | used by plants that evolved in hot and dry climates they open their stomata partially closed in the hottest parts of the day |
| CAM pathway | also involved for plants that involved in hot and dry climates, carry out carbon fixation at night and the Calvin cycle during the day to minimize water loss |
| glycolysis | takes place in the cytosol of cells, one 6-C glucose molecule is oxidized to form 3-C pyruvoc acid molecules |
| fermentation | if there is no oxygen present some cells can convert pyruvic acid into other compounds |
| lactic acid fermentation | an enzyme converts 3C pyruvic acid into another 3C compound called lactic acid |
| alcohol fermentation | 3C pyruvic acid is changed into 2C ethyl alcohol and CO2 |
| ETC and Chemiosmosis | high energy electrons in NADH and FADH2 are passed from molecule to molecule in the ETC in cristae |
| Aerobic respiration | 1 glucose 36-38 ATP |
Created by:
Addiemohr