States that an object at rest will stay at rest, and an object in motion will stay in the same motion, unless acted upon by an unbalanced force

Newton's First Law (Law of Inertia)

States that energy cannot be created nor destroyed, only transformed

Conservation of Energy (First Law of Thermodynamics)

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Physics

Question	Answer
States that an object at rest will stay at rest, and an object in motion will stay in the same motion, unless acted upon by an unbalanced force	Newton's First Law (Law of Inertia)
Implies that mass is a measure of inertia	Newton's First Law
States that force is equal to the mass of an object times its acceleration	Newton's Second Law
States that forces always come in action-reaction pairs	Newton's Third Law
Displacement of an object by a force	Work
Work equation	W = Fd
SI unit of work	Joule (J)
Capacity to do work	Energy
SI unit of energy	Joule (J)
Energy of motion	Kinetic Energy
Kinetic energy equation	KE = 1/2m(v^2)
Stored energy due to position or configuration	Potential Energy
Potential energy due to height	Gravitational Potential Energy
Gravitational potential energy equation	GPE = mgh
States that net work on an object is equal to its change in kinetic energy	Work-Energy Theorem
Work-energy theorem	W_net = ΔKE
States that energy cannot be created nor destroyed, only transformed	Conservation of Energy (First Law of Thermodynamics)
Rate of energy transfer	Power
Work-power equation	P = W/t (P = ΔE/t)
SI unit of power	Watts (W)
Disturbances that have a net transfer of energy but no net transfer of matter	Waves
Waves where particles of the medium oscillate perpendicular to the direction of energy transfer	Transverse Wave
Type of wave that light is	Transverse Wave
Waves where particles of the medium oscillate parallel to the direction of energy transfer	Longitudinal Wave
Waves with areas of propagation and rarefaction	Longitudinal Wave
Type of wave that sound is	Longitudinal Wave
Distance over which a wave shape repeats	Wavelength
Symbol for wavelength	λ (Lambda)
Number of oscillations per unit time	Frequency
SI unit of frequency	Hertz (Hz)
Maximum displacement of a point on a vibrating wave from equilibrium	Amplitude
Height of a wave or trough from equilibrium	Amplitude
Wave speed equation	v = λf
Occurs when two or more waves meet	Interference
Type of interference where waves add together	Constructive Interference
Type of interference where waves cancel with each other	Destructive Interference
Bending of waves as they pass around an obstacle or through an opening	Diffraction
Change in frequency relative to an observer who is moving relative to a wave source	Doppler Effect
Waves that require a medium	Mechanical Waves
Determines pitch of a sound wave	Frequency
Determines volume of a sound wave	Amplitude
Study of stationary charges	Electrostatics
Rate of charge flow	Current (I)
SI unit of current	Ampere (A)
Measure of electrical potential difference	Voltage
Electrical pressure that drives current	Voltage
SI unit of voltage	Volt (V)
Opposition to current flow	Resistance
SI unit of resistance	Ohm (Ω)
Law relating voltage to current times resistance	Ohm's Law
Ohm's Law	V = IR
Fundamental force that combines observations of electricity and magnetism	Electromagnetism
Created by a moving charge	Magnetic Fields
Created by a current-carrying wire	Magnetic Fields (Electromagnets)
Used to find magnetic field direction caused by a current-carrying wire	Right-Hand Rule
States that changing magnetic fields create electric current	Faraday's Law of Induction
States that the angle of incidence is equal to the angle of reflection from the normal	Law of Reflection
Line perpendicular to the surface of reflection at the point of incidence	Normal
Type of mirror that produces virtual images that are inverted, the same size as the object, and are located behind the mirror	Plane Mirror
Type of mirror that produces real images if the object is outside of the focal point, and virtual images if the object is inside of the focal point	Concave Mirror
Type of mirror that produces virtual images that are upright and smaller than the object	Convex Mirror
Image that forms when light rays converge	Real Image
Image that can be projected onto a screen	Real Image
Image that forms where light rays appear to diverge	Virtual Image
Image that cannot be projected onto a screen	Virtual Image
Bending of light as it passes from one medium to another	Refraction
Quality of a medium that describes how much light bends when entering it	Index of Refraction
Index of refraction equation	n = c/v
Direction light bends when entering a more dense medium	Towards the normal
Direction light bends when entering a less dense medium	Away from Normal
Snell's law	n_1sinθ_1 = n_2sinθ_2
When light enters a less dense medium at a greater angle than the critical angle, causing all light to be reflected back into the denser medium	Total Internal Reflection
Shape of the path of a projectile	Parabola
Total horizontal distance traveled by a projectile	Range
Centripetal acceleration equation	a_c = (v^2)/r
Force that keeps objects in circular motion	Centripetal Force
States that every particle attracts every other particle with a force proportional to their mass and inversely proportional to the square of the distance between them	Newton's Law of Universal Gravitation
Law of universal gravitation	F = GMm/(r^2)
Gravitational constant	6.67 * 10^-11
Force exerted per unit area	Pressure
Pressure equation	P = F/A
SI unit of pressure	Pascal (Pa)
States that the change in pressure applied to an enclosed fluid is transmitted undiminished to every portion of the fluid and the walls of the container	Pascal's Principle
Upwards force of a fluid against an object's weight force	Buoyancy
States that a submerged object experiences a buoyant force equal to the weight of the displaced fluid	Archimedes' Principle
Archimedes' principle	F = ⍴gV
Circuits with only one path that current can flow through	Series Circuits
Constant in series circuits	Current
Type of circuit where total resistance is the sum of the individual resistances	Series Circuit
Circuits where current flows through multiple paths	Parallel Circuits
Constant in each path in parallel circuits	Voltage
Type of circuit where the reciprocal of the total resistance is equal to the sum of the reciprocals of the individual resistances	Parallel Circuit
Average kinetic energy of particles in a substance	Temperature
SI unit of temperature	Kelvin (K)
Transfer of thermal energy between objects due to temperature difference	Heat
SI unit of heat	Joule (J)
States that if two systems are in thermal equilibrium with a third, then they are in thermal equilibrium with each other	Zeroth Law of Thermodynamics
Linear expansion equation	ΔL = αLΔT
Science of measuring heat transfer using the conservation of energy	Calorimetry
Calorimetry equation	Q = mcΔT
Type of periodic motion where the restoring force is directly proportional to the displacement	Simple Harmonic Motion
Motion that repeats in regular intervals	Periodic Motion
Time to complete one full cycle of motion	Period (T)
Reciprocal of period	Frequency
Force that brings a simple harmonic oscillator back to equilibrium	Restoring Force
States that the spring force is the negative of the spring constant times the maximum displacement	Hooke's Law
Hooke's law	F = -kx
Period equation of a mass-spring system	T = 2π√(m/k)
Simple harmonic oscillator with a mass suspended from a pivot	Pendulum
Period equation of a pendulum at small angles	T = 2π√(L/g)
Occurs when a system is driven by an external periodic force with a frequency matching the system's natural frequency	Resonance
Describes how difficult it is to stop an object in motion	Momentum (p)
Momentum equation	p = mv
SI unit of momentum	kg*m/s
Change in momentum by a net force over time	Impulse (J)
Impulse equation	J = FΔt
States that impulse equals change in momentum	Impulse-Momentum Theorem
Impulse-momentum theorem	J = Δp
States that momentum remains constant in an isolated system	Conservation of Momentum
Type of collision where total kinetic energy is conserved	Elastic Collision
Type of collision where objects bounce off of each other perfectly	Elastic Collision
Type of collision where total kinetic energy is not conserved	Inelastic Collision
Type of collision where objects stick together after colliding	Perfectly Inelastic Collision
Change in internal energy equation	ΔU = Q + W
States that the total entropy of an isolated system always increases over time	Second Law of Thermodynamics
Measure of disorder	Entropy (S)
States that reaching absolute zero would take an infinite number of steps	Third Law of Thermodynamics
Processes that occur at constant pressure	Isobaric
Processes that occur at constant volume	Isochoric
Processes that occur at constant temperature	Isothermal
Processes with no net transfer of heat	Adiabtic
States that all reference frames have the same laws of physics and the same speed of light	Special Relativity
Postulate of special relativity that states that the laws of physics are the same in all reference frames	The Principle of Relativity
Postulate of special relativity that states that the speed of light in a vacuum is constant no matter the motion of an observer	The Principle of the Constance of the Speed of Light
The slowing of time as the velocity of an object approaches the speed of light	Time Dilation
The shortening of objects in the direction of motion relative to an observer moving relative to them	Lorentz Contraction
States that mass is just lots of energy	Mass-Energy Equivalence
Implies that energy has mass, and that objects gain mass as their kinetic energy increases	Mass-Energy Equivalence
Equation for mass-energy equivalence	E = m(c^2)
Discrete, indivisible packets of a physical quantity	Quanta (Quantum)
Concept where physical quantities can only exist in discrete amounts, and are not continuous	Quantization
Emission of electrons from a material when light is shined on the material	Photoelectric Effect
Man who solved the photoelectric effect	Albert Einstein
Four papers published by Einstein in 1905 that revolutionized physics	Annus Mirabilis Papers
Equation for the energy of an ejected photon via the photoelectric effect	E = hf
Minimum energy needed to eject a photon from a material in the photoelectric effect	Work Function
States that particles and waves exhibit properties of one-another	Wave-Particle Duality
Experiment that showed wave-particle duality for light	Thomas Young's Double Slit Experiment
Experiment that showed wave-particle duality for electrons	Davisson-Germer Experiment
States that the more we know about position, the less we know about momentum for a quantum system	Heisenberg Uncertainty Principle
Sets a fundamental limit on our knowledge of two commutative properties in a quantum system	Heisenberg Uncertainty Principle
Heisenberg uncertainty principle	ΔxΔp ≥ ℏ/2
Arranges the fundamental particles of quantum physics	Standard Model of Particle Physics
Particles that cannot be subdivided into smaller units	Elementary Particles
Fundamental particles that experience the strong nuclear force	Quarks
Fundamental particles mediated by quantum chromodynamics	Quarks
Six flavors of quarks	Up, Down, Charm, Strange, Top, Bottom
Three color charges of quarks	Red, Blue, Green
Six flavors of leptons	Electron, Muon, Tau, Electron Neutrino, Muon Neutrino, Tau Neutrino
Particles made up of quarks	Hadrons
Two types of hadrons	Baryons, Mesons
Particles made up of three quarks	Baryons
Quarks that make up protons	Up, Up, Down
Quarks that make up neutrons	Up, Down, Down
Baryons made up of one quark and one antiquark	Mesons
Particles that mediate fundamental forces	Bosons
Strongest fundamental force	Strong Nuclear Force
Fundamental force that binds quarks together and binds protons and neutrons together in the nucleus	Strong Nuclear Force
Carriers of the strong nuclear force	Gluons
Fundamental force that acts on any particles with charge	Electromagnetic Force
Carrier of the electromagnetic force	Photons
Fundamental force responsible for beta decay	Weak Nuclear Force
Carriers of the weak nuclear force	W and Z Bosons
Fundamental force that acts on any particles with mass	Gravitational Force
Weakest fundamental force	Gravitational Force
Hypothetical carrier of the gravitational force	Gravitons
Materials that have a sea of delocalized electrons allowing for current flow	Conductors
Materials with tightly-bound valence electrons that don't allow for current flow	Insulators
Materials with electrical properties between those of conductors and insulators	Semiconductors
Intentional introduction of impurities into semiconductors to control electrical properties	Doping
Semiconductors where excess valence electrons are added to create more negative charge carriers	n-type
Semiconductors where not enough valence electrons are added, creating electron holes that act as positive charge carriers for electrons to move into	p-type
Formed by joining an n-type and a p-type semiconductor together to create a p-n junction	Diode
The ability of a diode to allow current flow in the forward direction	Forward Bias
The ability of a diode to block current flow in the backward direction	Reverse Bias
Convert AC to DC	Rectifier
Three-terminal devices with alternating semiconductor types	Transistor
Three terminals in transistors	Base, Collector, Emitter
Two types of semiconductors	PNP, NPN
Name for the process of fusion in stars that creates heavier elements and powers their cores	Stellar Nucleosynthesis
Largest element fused within the core of stars	Iron
Event that creates elements heavier than iron due to intense heat and pressure	Supernova
Type of supernova that happens when a star can no longer sustain fusion	Type II Supernova
Type of supernova that happens when a white dwarf accretes enough matter from a binary star to exceed its Chandrasekhar limit	Type Ia Supernova
Highly magnetized, rotating neutron stars that emit a beam of electromagnetic radiation	Pulsars
Minimum speed needed to escape the gravitational influence of a body	Escape Velocity
Escape velocity equation	v = √(2GM/R)
Escape velocity for the earth	11.2 km/s (11200 m/s)
Radius surrounding a black hole at which its escape velocity exceeds the speed of light	Event Horizon

Created by: KatieThiel

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