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Biology
bio- Ecology
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Ecology | the study of the interactions between organisms and living things and organisms and their environment |
| Biosphere | the part of the world in which microorganisms live |
| ecosystem | a group of clearly distinguishable organisms that interact with their environment as a unit |
| habitat | the place where a plant or animal lives |
| population | all the members of the same species living in an area |
| community | all the different populations in an area |
| Abiotic factors | non living factors -altitude -aspect -steepness |
| Biotics Factors | living factors -food -competition -predation |
| Climatic factors | refer to weather over a long period of time -Wind -Rain -light intensity |
| Edaphic factors | related to soils -PH -Soil type -organic matter |
| producer | organism that carries out photosynthesis |
| consumer | organism that takes food from its environment |
| fauna | all the animals in the ecosystem |
| flora | all the plants in the ecosystem |
| decomposers | organism that break down and feed on dead organic matter |
| detritus feeders | organisms that feed on small pieces of dead organic matter |
| Grazing food chain | a sequence of organisms in which each one is eaten by the next member in the food chain |
| Trophic level | a feeding stage in the food chain |
| food web | consists of two or more interlinked foodchains |
| primary consumer | is the first organism in the food chain they feed on the producer -Herbivores -decomposers -detritus feeders |
| secondary consumer | is the second organism in the food chain they feed on the primary consumer -carnivores -scavengers |
| tertiary consumer | is the third organism in the food chain they feed on the secondary producer |
| pyramid of numbers | the number of organisms at each trophic level in the food chain |
| niche | the functional role that an organism plays in its community |
| nutrient recycling | the way in which elements like carbon and nitrogen are exchanged between the living and non living components of the ecosystem |
| nitrogen fixation | the conversion of nitrogen gas or atmospheric nitrogen into ammonia into ammonium or nitrate |
| denitrification | the conversion of nitrate into nitrogen gas |
| Nitrification | the conversion of ammonium and ammonium or nitrite into nitrate |
| pollution | any harmful addition to the environment |
| pollutant | harmful additions to the environment |
| conservation | the wise management of natural resources in an ecosystem in order to maintain a wide range of habitats and to prevent the death and extinction of organisms |
| benefits of conservation | -prevent organisms from becoming extinct -maintains a wide range of living things -organisms and habitats are enjoyable to see and visit -these organisms may be found useful in things like energy production or medicine in the future |
| examples of conservation | Fisheries -expanding the size of the fishing net allowing young fish to pass through -adding a quota of how many fish each boat are legally allowed to catch |
| waste management and examples | the process of handling and disposing of waste in a sustainable and environmentally friendly order |
| problems with waste disposal | -waste contains disease causing pathogens -toxic chemicals released into the environment -landfill sights are highly unattractive -incinerators produce large amounts of C02 and green house gasses contributing to global warming |
| role of microorganisms in waste management and pollutant control | -bacteria and fungi breakdown the biodegradable materials fertilising the soils -secondary sewage treatment, the waste is acted on by bacteria and fungi of decay acting as a biological treatment breaking down the organic matter |
| how to control waste production | -reduce -reuse -recycle |
| eutrophication | the addition of nutrients to freshwater |
| effects of ozone depletion | - can cause skin cancer -serious damage to crops and plants -plankton depletion meaning less oxygen produced and released |
| example of a food chain | plankton- producer barnacle- primary consumer sea snail- secondary consumer crab- tertiary consumer or buttercup- producer caterpillar- primary consumer blackbird- secondary consumer fox- tertiary consumer |
| competition | occurs when organisms actively struggle for a resource that is in short supply |
| intra-specific competition | competition between members of the same species |
| inter-specific competition | competition between members of different species |
| contest competition | when there is an active physical contest between two individual organisms, one individual typically gets all the resource |
| scramble competition | all of the competing individuals get some of the resource |
| techniques to avoid competition | -camouflage -feeding habits -protective toxins or coats -reproductive strategies |
| parasitism | when two organisms of different species live in close association and one organism obtains the food from the host leaving only one organism benefit |
| predator | an organism that catches and kills other organisms for food |
| prey | the organism that is eaten by the predator |
| exoparasites | parasites living on the outside of the host e.g fleas on dogs |
| endoparasites | parasites living inside the host e.g tapeworms in humans |
| predation | the catching, killing and eating of other organisms for food |
| Symbiosis | occurs when two organisms from a different species live in close association and at least one of them benefits |
| factors that contribute to the predator- prey relationship | -availability of food, large numbers of predators can decrease numbers of prey -movement of predators, is number of prey is small predators will migrate where prey is more numerous -concealment, numbers are low prey can camouflage themselves |
| factors affecting human population | -vaccinations -birth control -famine -war |
Created by:
20sarah