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Stack #4596557
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| a transformation was formed using extracts of virulent bacteria and bacteria with enzymes. What enzymes were used? | Proteases and RNases (breaks down DNA) |
| Rosalind Franklin's x-ray diffraction images taken in the 1950s support what about DNA? | DNA is a double helix |
| Whats transcription? | DNA is copied to RNA by RNA polymerase. Now can make a protien. |
| Whats conjugation/horizontal gene transfer? | Movement of DNA that is NOTT inheritance. |
| what is the role of apoptosis in remodeling the forelimb of an embryo? | Apoptosis=programmed cell death. Uses proteins to make specific cells die to make a hand. |
| Is water polar or nonpolar? | POLAR. It forms hydrogen bonds. |
| What are the properties of water? | less dense as solid. good solvent (dissolves things). High specific heat. Evaporative cooling (evaporating water cools air) Cohesion (water sticks to self), adhesion (water stick to other) Transpiration pull (water up xylem of plant, attracted to walls |
| What does alkaline on the PH scale mean? | basic |
| Whats a MONOMER? | Small, simple molecule that is basic building block |
| Whats a POLYMER? | Chain of monomers |
| Carbohydrates are made of what? | CH2O. Monomer=monosaccharides/glucose. Poly=starch, cellulose, glycogen, chitin (support cell walls) |
| What do carbs do? | Energy STORAGE and STRUCTURAL SUPPORT (plants and funji/insects) |
| What are proteins made out of? | Amino acids (20 kinds) linked by PEPTIDE BONDS. Primary (string), secondary (alpha helix + sheets), tertiary (polypeptide chain), quarternary (combine teritary). |
| What do proteins do? | Structure (collogen), enzymes, transport, horomones (insulin), |
| What are LIPIDS? | Nonpolar. Fats. Oil. Wax. CHO. Glycerol with 3 fatty acid tails. Saturated=single bond on carbon atoms. Steriods. Cholesterol. Horomones. Energy storage. Cushion organs. |
| What are NUCLEIC ACIDS? | Make DNA and RNA. Made of nucleotides (sugar, phosphate, nitrogen base). Dna=genes. Rna= translates DNA into proteins. |
| Whats endosymbiotic theory | Eukraryotes evolved from prokaroyotes eating each other |
| What are the euaryotic organelles? | Nucleus, Mitochondria (ATP maker), ER (synthesize proteins=rough. Smooth=detoxifies. Does lipids), Golgi (package proteins), Lysosomes (waste), Chloroplasts, Ribosomes (proteins syntehsis) |
| Whats the fluid-mosaic model? | Stuff can move in the phospholipid bilayer. Very fluid. Filled with proteins and stuff |
| Whats the fluidity of unsaturated lipids? | Increase membrane fluidity, especially at lower temp, as aint paced tightly. |
| How is cholesterol a temperature buffer? | Keeps them tightly packed when hot and loosely when cold so membrane is always certain level of fluid. |
| Whats endocytosis? | When cell eats what is around it. |
| Whats a hypertonic solution? | Water moves out of cell. Cell shrinks. More solute outside of cell. |
| What are the 6 functions of membrane proteins? | Transport, catalyze reactions, signal transduction (recieve signals), cell-to-cell recognition, intercellular joining (linking cells), shape and stability |
| Whats competitive inhibition? | When an inhibitor looks like a natural substrate, and competes for the active site of an enzyme to inhibit it. |
| Whats noncompetitive inhibiton? | Inhibitor can go onto allosteric site--changing shape of enzyme. it wont work anymore. |
| Eqn for cell respiration? | (C_{6}H_{12}O_{6}+6O_{2} --> 6CO_{2}+6H_{2}O+ {Energy\ (ATP)}\) |
| Whats the structure of the mitochondria? | Has folded innermembrane (cristae), central matrix has DNA for cellular respiration) |
| How does glycolysis work (cell respiration) | One glucose is phosphorylated and split into two pyruvates. Net gain of 2 ATP and 2 NADH. Needs 2 ATP to start. In cytoplasm |
| How does link reaction work (cell respiraion)? | Bridges glycolysis and Krebs cycle. Pyruvates become aceyl-CoA, releasing CO2 and NADH. Happens twice per glucose (in matrix). Fuels Kreb Cycle. |
| How does Kreb's Cycle Work? | in matrix. Cycle turns twice. Per glucose, creates 4 CO2, 2 ATP, 6 NADH, 2 FADH2. |
| How does ETC WORK (cell respiration) | high-energy electrons from NADH and FADH2 pump H+ (protons) across the inner mitochondrial membrane, creating a gradient;powers ATP synthase to generateATP (oxidative phosphorylation), with oxygen serving as the final electron acceptor, forming water. |
| how much atp does cell respiration net total per glucose? | 32 |
| Explain the calvin cycle? | Inputs: CO2, ATP, NADPH. Uses to make G3P. 6 are made but 5 are used to keep the cycle running, so only one is a net win. |
| What is G-protein? | Turn signals into the cell on and off like a switch |
| What is tyrosine-kinase? | Enzyme that phosphorylates and uses it to give signal. |
| Whats a first messenger? | Horomone. Neurotransmitter. Chai nreaction inside cell without ever entering |
| What is a second messenger? | relays message of first messenger through cell. Ca+ and cAMP. |
| Whats up with kinases in cell communication? | kinases are enzymes that add phosphate groups (from ATP) onto proteins, changing shape and function (activating or deactivating them), while phosphatases remove them,. reversible ON/OFF system for signal transduction pathways that control growth, division |
| whats the storage carb in plants | starch |
| doule ring nitrogenous base?? | A PURINE. Adenine and guanine |
| single ring ntrigenous bases? | a pyrimidine. Cytosine and thymine (Uracil and RNA) |
| Number of onds between adenine and thymine? | 2 hydrogen bonds. |
Created by:
razawisza