Help
Options
Didn't know it?
click below
click below
Knew it?
click below
click below
Don't Know
Remaining cards (0)
Know
retry
shuffle
restart
0:00
Embed Code - If you would like this activity on your web page, copy the script below and paste it into your web page.
Normal Size Small Size show me how
Normal Size Small Size show me how
BIO-1H FINAL
you procrastinated don't fail me now
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Who is Darwin, what were his ideas on natural selection. | variation of changes over time not linear; descent with modification. population thinking- species of populations |
| What were the ideas on evolution from Plato | typological thinking- every organism is an example of a perfect essence created by God and were unchanging |
| How did Charles Lyell and Thomas Malthus help Darwin develop his idea on Natural Selection? | Lyell thought the earth was old and gradually sculpted. Malthus developed oscillation of population chart food/population. |
| Define species. | members of a group that can mate (interbreed) and produce fertile offspring |
| What is evolution? | change in allele frequencies/percentages over time |
| Know the various lines of evidence that support the theory of evolution. | Biogeography- (species distribution) nearest place = ancestors Fossils Vestigial Organs- No longer have use; manatee nails Comparative Anatomy- mammals same bones but different shapes for different abilities |
| Difference between Artificial selection and Inbreeding | artificial selection is intentional breeding based on traits, and inbreeding is mating between related individuals |
| difference between Non-random mating and Founder effect | Non-random mating is sexual selection, and the founder effect is a small population leaving and inbreeds to grow somewhere else. |
| difference between Bottleneck effect and Speciation | bottleneck effect is when a small population survives a catastrophe leaving no genetic diversity, and speciation is the formation of new and distinct species in the course of evolution |
| difference between Genetic Drift and Natural selection | genetic drift is most powerful and caused by catastrophes that kill many individuals, and natural selection leads to adaptation |
| Know what Hardy Weinberg equilibrium tells you about a population. | tells you the population is not evolved, no natural selection, no mutations, no migration, large population, and random mating |
| What is meant by gene frequencies? Know how to calculate them! | how often a specific gene shows up / survives in a population p = (2xDom Homo) + Codom Hetero / Total alleles |
| Homozygous dominant individuals | =p^2 |
| Heterozygote individuals are | =2pq |
| Homozygous recessive individuals | =q^2 |
| What process would add new alleles to a population? | mutation and migration |
| Phylogenetic Tree of common Ancestors | shows which species have a common ancestor and when they had it; which species (line) they converge at |
| Know the agents of evolution. | 1. Natural selection- leads to adaptation 2. Mutation- source of all new alleles 3. Migration- brings new alleles into a population; 2 populations same species; gene flow 4. Genetic Drift- (bottleneck founder) caused by catastrophes 5. non-rand mating |
| Define a population and population ecology. | population- a group of individuals of a single species that occupy the same general area / time population ecology- the study of how and why populations change |
| Define population density and describe different types of dispersion patterns. | population density- number of individuals of a species per unit area or volume dispersion patterns - clumped common in patchy resources group; starfish - uniform respect or compete for space together; beach |
| Explain how life tables are used to track mortality and survivorship in populations. | life table- probability of survival over various ages - survival of baby, adolescent, adult, senior graph survivorship curve- plot survivorship as the proportion of individuals from an initial population that are alive at each age |
| Compare Type I, Type II, and Type III survivorship curves. | type I - large mammals, longest lifespan, few offspring, lots of parent care type II - smaller mammals, shorter lifespan, litter or clutch of eggs, some parent care type III - invertebrates (clams) shortest lifespans, massive reproduct, zero parent care |
| Describe and compare the exponential and logistic population growth models, illustrating both with examples. | exponential- grows and continues to grow up; G = r(growth rate)N(number of individuals) ex: bunnies logistic- grows until the carrying capacity(k); G = rN (k-N/k) |
| Explain the concept of carrying capacity. | the maximum population size an area can handle a certain species |
| Describe the factors that regulate growth in natural populations. | 1) density dependent factors- your density holds you down - reduces birth rate -increases death rate 2) density independent factors- environment - boom and bust; malthese; predator rebounds ex: fur seals |
| Define boom-and-bust cycles, explain why they occur, and provide examples. | may be due to food shortages or predator prey interactions; when population numbers constantly go up and down; rabbit and lynx population |
| Explain how life history traits vary with environmental conditions and with population density. | life history- traits that affect an organisms life - age of first reproduction - frequency of reproduction - number of offspring - amount of parental care |
| Compare r-selection and K-selection and indicate examples of each. | r- selected produce more offspring and grow rapidly k- selected raise fewer offspring and maintain relatively stable populations |
| Describe the major challenges inherent in managing populations. | you must manage resources sustainably and eliminate damage to resources to provide a healthy environment for populations; over management can ruin populations, and using the wrong solutions can create a new problem |
| Explain how the structure of the world’s human population has changed and continues to change. | has increased and continues to but slower; boomed in the 20th century currently about 8 billion |
| Explain how the age structure of a population can be used to predict changes in population size and social conditions. | age structure- the proportion of individuals in different age groups and affects the future growth of a population population momentum- a lot of young females about to enter their reproductive years based on gender; increase birth rate or increase immig |
| Explain the concept of an ecological footprint. Describe the uneven use of natural resources in the world. | ecological footprint- an estimate of the amount of land and resources required to provide the raw materials an individual or nation consumes (food, water, fuel, housing, waste disposal) - too many people own too many things; 5 planets to provide all |
| Describe the three components of biodiversity. | 1. ecosystem diversity- the services it provides to humans; new york drinking water 2. species diversity- around 1.8 million species impact each other 3. genetic diversity- reduced if extirpation and total declines; find related wild species to boost |
| Describe the greatest current threats to biodiversity, providing examples of each. | 1. habitat loss 2. invasive species 3. over-harvesting 4. pollution 5. climate change |
| smoke stacks, brown tree snake, and reduce populations | smoke stacks- avoid smoke pollution but pushed problem up brown tree snake- extirpated 4 bird species extincted 3 reduce populations by attacking reproductive capabilities |
| Describe the causes and consequences of global warming. | - nitrous oxide, co2, and methane are concerning gases - high altitudes and high elevation are affected most - birds, frogs, squirrels change reproductive timings; phenotypic plasticity |
| What were the ideas on evolution from Aristotle | unchanging; ranked in the great chain of being. fixed sequence based on size and complexity; humans on top |
| What were the ideas on evolution from Lamarck. | first to propose formal theory of evolution; inheritance of acquired characteristics; use and disuse of evolution; pass changes on to offspring (giraffes) |
| Know the types of pre-zygotic barriers. | 1. temporal isolation - (time) bloom 2. habitat isolation - mate in land vs water 3. behavioral isolation - dancing, colors 4. mechanical isolation - parts don't fit 5. gametic isolation - proteins don't interact; urchins |
| Know the types of post-zygotic barriers. | 1. hybrid inviability - doesn't survive 2. hybrid sterility - survives but can't reproduce; mule 3. hybrid breakdown - plants; survives f1, but dies in f2) |
| Reproductive vs Geographic Barriers | Reproductive are about when it comes to breeding or after breeding, and geographic are about evolving differently based on their different environments; cats |
| extirpation | the loss of a single population of a species |
| keystone species | a species that holds an ecosystem together; losing them = collapse |
Created by:
charlaygut