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reformation part 2
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| What were reasons why Europeans were motivated to explore new regions in the 1500s? | gold, glory and god |
| What role did the Ottoman Empire play in the European Age of Exploration? | The Ottoman Empire controlled key land trade routes to Asia, forcing Europeans to seek sea routes |
| What role did Portugal and Spain play in the beginning of the Age of Exploration? | Portugal and Spain were the pioneers, leading the initial voyages of discovery |
| What was Columbus' main accomplishment? What was Columbus like when he governed Spanish colonies in the Americas? | Columbus' main accomplishment was establishing sustained European contact with the Americas; he was a harsh and ineffective governor |
| What is meant by the term conquistador? Why are Columbus, Cortes, and Pizarro examples of conquistadors? | A conquistador was a Spanish conqueror or explorer of the Americas; they exemplify this term because they used force to conquer Native American empires |
| Who was Magellan and what is his main accomplishment? | Ferdinand Magellan was an explorer whose expedition was the first to circumnavigate the globe |
| What American civilizations were destroyed by Conquistadors? Why were the Europeans able to conquer the Native American empires? | The Aztec and Inca empires were destroyed by conquistadors; Europeans succeeded due to superior weaponry, alliances with native groups, and disease |
| What was the Columbian Exchange? What is one example of how it changed the world? | The Columbian Exchange was the widespread transfer of plants, animals, culture, and diseases between the Old World and the New World; a world-changing example is the introduction of potatoes to Europe |
| What was the Commercial Revolution? How is it related to the Age of Exploration? What was one economic change that took place during the Commercial Revolution? | The Commercial Revolution was a period of European economic expansion, colonialism, and mercantilism; it was driven by the trade opportunities opened by the Age of Exploration; one change was the rise of joint-stock companies |
| What was the Atlantic Slave Trade? Why did the slave trade begin? | The Atlantic Slave Trade was the forced transportation of enslaved Africans across the Atlantic Ocean; it began to fulfill the high demand for labor in the American colonies |
| How did the Atlantic Slave Trade impact Africa from the political, economic, and social perspectives? | The slave trade had devastating impacts on Africa, causing political instability, economic disruption, and social upheaval |
| How did the Age of Exploration alter political, economic, and social life in Europe's American colonies? | The Age of Exploration established European political control, created a resource-extractive economy, and formed a new, hierarchical social structure in the Americas |
| How did the Age of Exploration alter Europe from the political, economic, and social perspective? | The Age of Exploration fundamentally shifted Europe's global position, bringing immense wealth and power |
| What acts of corruption led to the Protestant Reformation? Why did these acts inspire the Reformation? | The sale of indulgences, simony, and nepotism |
| Who was Martin Luther? Why did he rebel against the Roman Catholic Church? | Martin Luther was a German monk and theologian. |
| How did the Roman Catholic Church respond to Luther? | The Roman Catholic Church excommunicated Luther and declared him a heretic and outlaw. |
| Why was translating the bible into vernacular important? | Translating the Bible into vernacular languages made it accessible to common people |
| What were the major Protestant sects to emerge during the Protestant Reformation? What terms above are associated with each sect? | Major Protestant sects included Lutheranism, Calvinism (Reformed Church), and Anglicanism. |
| How did the Catholic Church respond to the Protestant Reformation? In other words, what was the purpose and result of the Catholic Counter Reformation? | The Catholic Church responded with the Counter-Reformation |
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