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Grammar Chapter 12
Restrictive and nonrestrictive adjective clauses
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Restrictive adjective clause | It significantly affects the meaning of the noun it modifies by limit or narrowing the meaning of that noun. If you delete it, it completely changes the meaning of the original sentence |
| Nonrestrictive adjective clauses | They give additional information about the nouns they modify, but this information does not affect or alter the basic meaning of that noun. Typically, they give supplementary information. The deletion does not change the basic meaning of the noun. |
| If a clause is nonrestrictive does that mean the information is unimportant? | NO, sometimes it is very important |
| Key distinction between restrictive and nonrestrictive adjective clauses | The effect of the information on the modified nouns |
| What is the distinction between res and nonres in speaking? RES | In res, the clause is pronounced in the same phrase unit as the noun. It is said with an upwards intonation that drops abruptly at the end of the clause. There is a distinct pause after the clause. |
| What is the distinction between res and nonres in speaking? NONRES | The clause is cut off by pauses at both the beginning and the end of the nonres clause |
| What is the distinction between res and nonres in writing? | PUNCTUATION. RES NEVER SET OFF WITH COMMAS. NONRES ALWAYS COMMAS |
| Observations to determine if its res or nonres | 1. Virtually all that modify proper nouns are NONRES 2. Most res clauses define which person, place or thing is being talked about |
| What is the best way to tell if the clause is res or nonres? | Delete it and see if it changes the basic meaning of the sentence. |
| TWO DIFFERENCES between res and nonres | 1.The use of that and which (formal writing that is res and which is nonres) 2. The deletion of relative pronouns playing the role of objects o f verbs in restrictive (can delete) and nonrestrictive clauses (NO DELETE) |
| What can some adjective clauses be reduced to? | Participial phrases |
| What do participial phrases contain? | Either a present participle or past participle |
| The participial phrases with commas are______ , the ones without are______ | nonres, res |
| When adjective clauses are reduced to participial phrases, they inherit... | the res or nonres status of its parent adjective phrase |
| Rule that dictates which adjective clauses can be reduced to participial phrases and which cannot | The adjective clause must contain the helping verb be followed by either a present participle or past participle. (The be+present participle comes from a progressive tense; be+ past participle comes from passive) |
| How do you reduce an adjective clause to a participial phrase? | You delete the relative pronoun and the helping verb be |
| Some present participial phrases are probably not formed directly from reduced adjective clauses... | because the verb that is the source of the particple cannot be used in the progressive (such as stative verbs) |
| What is the unique property of nonrestrictive participial phrases? | They can be moved away from the nouns they modify (no other noun modifier can do this). |
| Can restrictive participial phrases be shifted? | NO |
Created by:
anaidalarconsanchez