What is a causative verb?

Verb in which somebody or something causes somebody or something to perform some action

Older causative verbs

rise-raise, sit-set, and lie-lay

No direct object is necessary. Ex. The sun is shining

Needs an object. Ex. I saw Bob.

How did older causative verbs work?

A special ending was added to an intransitive verb to make it transitive. It would have the meaning: to cause the action of the intransitive verb". Ex. to cause someone to jump.

Why were old causative verbs confusing at a later stage of English?

The ending added to the intransitive verb produced a sound change, so the new transitive verb had a different vowel

transitive: cause someone or something to rise. Over the years, the meaning has also evolved to bring up (raise a child), grow (plants are raised), and get (raise money).

Conjugation of rise and raise

rise, rose, risen raise, raised, raised

Intransitive: to be seated; to be situated or placed (When used this way there must be an adverb of place, otherwise ungrammatical).

Set (ORIGINAL MEANING)

Transitive: to cause someone or something to sit or be placed somewhere. MUST ALWAYS REQUIRE AN OBJECT AND ADVERB OF PLACE, otherwise ungrammatical.

Set (broadened meaning) transitive

to arrange; to assign or pick (DOES NOT REQUIRE AN ADVERB OF PLACE)

Set intransitive, noncausative verb confusing

to descend or go down. It's confusing because it's to similar to the meaning of sit.

Why is lie and lay so difficult?

Because of a historical accident: the past tense of lie (intransitive) is lay, which is also the present tense of lay (transitive)

to be in a horizontal position; to be placed

to cause to lie; to place; spread out

Modern causative verbs

Verbs that act as causatives. Mos of these verbs require an object plus an infinitive

Most important modern causative verbs

make and have. They don't take an infinitive, instead they use a base form verb

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Grammar Chapter 9

Causative verbs

Question	Answer
What is a causative verb?	Verb in which somebody or something causes somebody or something to perform some action
Older causative verbs	rise-raise, sit-set, and lie-lay
Intransive verb	No direct object is necessary. Ex. The sun is shining
Transitive verb	Needs an object. Ex. I saw Bob.
How did older causative verbs work?	A special ending was added to an intransitive verb to make it transitive. It would have the meaning: to cause the action of the intransitive verb". Ex. to cause someone to jump.
Why were old causative verbs confusing at a later stage of English?	The ending added to the intransitive verb produced a sound change, so the new transitive verb had a different vowel
Rise	Intransitive: go up; get up.
Raise	transitive: cause someone or something to rise. Over the years, the meaning has also evolved to bring up (raise a child), grow (plants are raised), and get (raise money).
Conjugation of rise and raise	rise, rose, risen raise, raised, raised
Sit	Intransitive: to be seated; to be situated or placed (When used this way there must be an adverb of place, otherwise ungrammatical).
Set (ORIGINAL MEANING)	Transitive: to cause someone or something to sit or be placed somewhere. MUST ALWAYS REQUIRE AN OBJECT AND ADVERB OF PLACE, otherwise ungrammatical.
You always have to set something...	SOMEWHERE
Set (broadened meaning) transitive	to arrange; to assign or pick (DOES NOT REQUIRE AN ADVERB OF PLACE)
Set intransitive, noncausative verb confusing	to descend or go down. It's confusing because it's to similar to the meaning of sit.
Set intransitive less confusing	to harden or become fixed
Conjugation of sit and set	sit, sat, sat set, set, set
Why is lie and lay so difficult?	Because of a historical accident: the past tense of lie (intransitive) is lay, which is also the present tense of lay (transitive)
Lie (intransitive)	to be in a horizontal position; to be placed
Lay (transitive)	to cause to lie; to place; spread out
We lie around...	but we lay something down
Conjugation lie and lay	lie, lay, lain lay, laid, laid
Modern causative verbs	Verbs that act as causatives. Mos of these verbs require an object plus an infinitive
Most important modern causative verbs	make and have. They don't take an infinitive, instead they use a base form verb

Created by: anaidalarconsanchez

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