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Nutrition
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Nutrients | Substances used by living cells for their vital functions |
| Carbohydrates | Compounds in food that are an important and immediate source of energy |
| Protein | The nutrient that forms a large and essential portion of the body mass, comprising cell walls, membranes, connective tissue, muscles, enzymes, hormones, and blood proteins |
| Water | The liquid required by virtually all living creatures for many critical body functions |
| Lipids | Water-insoluble substances that make up fats |
| Metabolism | The breakdown of carbohydrates, proteins, and fats |
| Glucose | A monosaccharide or simple sugar; one of the most easily digestible carbohydrates |
| Cellulose | A polysaccharide; also called an insoluble carbohydrate or fiber |
| Krebs Cycle | Also known as the citric acid cycle; a series of reactions undergone by glucose that release its energy while converting it to carbon dioxide and water |
| Ketosis | A disease that occurs when carbohydrates don't break down properly |
| Glucogen | Fat stored in the body from excess carbohydrates |
| Insulin | A hormone secreted by the pancreas that drives glucose into cells where it's metabolized and used for energy |
| Enzymes | Complex proteins that cause chemical reactions to occur in the body |
| Amino Acids | Chemical compounds made of nitrogen plus carbon, oxygen, and hydrogen, as well as other elements, linked together in long chains |
| Minerals | Naturally occurring compounds that aren't animal or plant |
| Rickets | A disease in which bones are soft and deformed, resulting from a deficiency in vitamin D, calcium, and phosphorus |
| Fat-Soluble Vitamins | Those vitamins that can be dissolved by fat and stored in the intestine |
| Water-Soluble Vitamins | Those vitamins that can be dissolved by water; they're excreted daily through urine. |
| Micronutrients | Consist of minerals and vitamins that are needed in small amounts but are essential for good health, production, and reproduction |
| Simple Deficiency | When a mineral is lacking in the animal's diet |
| Conditioned Deficiency | When some other dietary factor makes a mineral less available to the animal |
| Buffer | A substance that helps to maintain the pH of body fluids by limiting acidity |
| Dietary Requirement | A need for a vitamin that the body doesn't manufacture |
| Physiological Requirement | A need for a vitamin that the body manufactures |
| Coprophagic | Animals that ingest their own feces, usually to reuse B vitamins. |
| Metabolic Processes | Activities within the body that build, maintain, and provide energy to an organism |
| Monogastric | Species having only one stomach compartment |
| Erythropoiesis | The production of red blood cells |
| Myelin | The sheath that surrounds and protects delicate nerve tissue |
| Phospholipids | Fats that are involved in the transport and oxidation of fatty acids in the liver |
| Tetany | A type of continuous muscle spasm that results in limb rigidity |
| Grass Tetany | A physiological deficiency caused by the interplay of nitrogen and potassium, interfering with magnesium uptake and causing increased magnesium excretion |
| Salt Toxicity | A condition that occurs when animals are deprived of salt and then have access to salty water or loose salt without access to fresh water |
| Alkalosis | A condition that causes a life-threatening shift in the acid-base balance of the blood, caused by chlorine deficiency |
| Palatability | Measures how well an animal likes a food, influenced through odor, temperature, texture, nutrients, and habit |
| Acceptability | Whether or not an animal will ingest enough food to meet its caloric requirements |
| True Appetite | The nutritional need of an animal |
| Learned Appetite | Previous experience with food, which may result in an aversion to it |
| Caloric Density | Energy concentration in food |
| Withdrawal Times | The intervals between the end of antibiotic treatment and the use of a treated animal for meat or milk production |
| Goitrogens | Substances that produce swelling of the thyroid gland |
| Forages | Grazing foods |
| Concentrates | Feeds used for monogastric species and nonruminant herbivores that are generally low-fiber and high-energy |
| Complete Feed | Feed that requires no supplementation other than drinking water; also known as complete rations |
| Hay | Grass or other plants cut and dried for fodder; it's cut when green and allowed to dry to reduce the moisture content, preserve it, and prevent it from spoiling |
| Haylage | Hay harvested wet, allowed to wilt, and then placed in a silo to ferment |
| Silage | Green forage stored directly in a silo where it ferments; it contains more water than haylage |
| Diet | The mixture of foodstuffs supplying nourishment to an animal; also known as ration |
| Adulterated Food | Food containing any poisonous, dangerous, putrid, filthy, decomposed, unsanitary, or diseased animal parts, or in a container composed of any poisonous or deleterious substances |
| Guaranteed Analysis | A requirement on all feed packages that includes a list of nutrient ingredients |
| Supplementation | Adding something to the whole diet to complete it, extend it, strengthen it, or make up for a deficiency |
| Specialty Feeds | Specific-purpose foods developed to meet differing requirements for growth, maintenance, gestation, lactation, work, old age, and disease |
| Basal Energy Requirement (BER) | The minimum amount of energy an animal's diet must provide |
| Maintenance Feeding | The good-quality, complete, and well-balanced diet of an adult animal that is healthy, not pregnant, and not a working animal |
| Animal Byproducts | Meat meal, meat and bone meal, and blood meal, used primarily to supplement carnivore and omnivore diets |
| Ruminant | A mammal that digests plant-based foods by softening them in the first compartment of its stomach, then regurgitating that plant matter (cud) and chewing it to further complete digestion |
| Goitrogenic | Plants that inhibit iodine concentration in the thyroid |
| Roughage | Coarse, bulky feeds; largely indigestible material fed to species other than ruminants and horses |
| Ash | The weight of feed after it has been heated in a furnace to 500°C or 600°C |
Created by:
martiew