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Pathophysiology NG
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| High iron, bilirubin, transferrin + low Hgb/Hct → which anemia? | Sideroblastic anemia |
| RBCs with abnormally low hemoglobin concentration | Hypochromic |
| Polycythemia vera can progress to which malignancy? | Acute myeloid leukemia (AML) |
| Pernicious anemia is caused by decreased: | Intrinsic factor |
| Platelet count below ____ = thrombocytopenia | 150,000/mm³ |
| Primary treatment for polycythemia vera | Therapeutic phlebotomy |
| Hemophilia A = deficiency of which factor? | Factor VIII |
| Thalassemia is caused by defective: | Hemoglobin synthesis |
| Most common cause of insufficient erythropoiesis | Iron deficiency |
| Organ responsible for removing sickled RBCs | Spleen |
| Hydrops fetalis is associated with which thalassemia? | Alpha thalassemia major |
| Expected leukemia symptoms | Fatigue, pallor, petechiae, fever |
| Muffled heart sounds + hepatomegaly indicate: | Cardiac tamponade |
| Chest pain at rest and at night | Prinzmetal angina |
| Most common cause of varicose veins | Prolonged standing |
| Raynaud disease: finding needing further teaching | Smoking cigarettes |
| #1 risk factor for primary hypertension | Genetic (family history) |
| Most common cause of myocardial ischemia | Atherosclerosis |
| Patent ductus arteriosus causes what type of shunt? | Left-to-right shunt |
| Cause of Kawasaki disease | Inflammation of small capillaries, arteries, and veins |
| Most common congenital heart defect | Ventricular septal defect (VSD) |
| Failure of tricuspid valve to develop | Tricuspid atresia |
| Untreated VSD can lead to: | Pulmonary hypertension |
| Truncus arteriosus results in: | Mixing of blood from both ventricles in one vessel |
| Tuberculosis is caused by a: | Bacterium |
| Aspiration of oral secretions increases risk for: | Pneumonia |
| Subjective feeling of breathing difficulty | Dyspnea |
| Greatest risk factor for lung cancer | Cigarette smoking |
| Most common cause of empyema | Staphylococcus aureus |
| Most common cause of pulmonary edema | Left heart failure |
| Most common cause of pneumonia in young children | Viruses |
| Peak age for SIDS | 2–4 months |
| Onset of respiratory distress syndrome (RDS) | Within minutes of birth |
| Premature infant + long-term ventilation → diagnosis | Bronchopulmonary dysplasia (BPD) |
| Best way to prevent SIDS | Place infant on back to sleep |
| Supraclavicular/intercostal sinking during inspiration | Retractions |
| Most common symptom of renal calculus with obstruction | Flank pain |
| Most common condition associated with acute pyelonephritis | Urinary tract obstruction (± reflux) |
| Most likely cause of prerenal failure after blood loss | Inadequate renal blood flow |
| Cause of hydronephrosis in urinary tract obstruction | Dilation of renal pelvis and calyces proximal to blockage |
| Cause of acute poststreptococcal glomerulonephritis | Immune complex deposition in glomeruli |
| Child never continent → type of enuresis | Primary enuresis |
| Grossly dilated ureter and calyces in vesicoureteral reflux | Grade IV reflux |
| Classic signs of glomerulonephritis in children | Gross hematuria, edema, hypertension |
| Key sign of nephrotic syndrome | Frothy (foamy) urine |
| Urethral meatus on underside of penis | Hypospadias |
| Most common cause of galactorrhea | Hyperprolactinemia |
| Benign smooth muscle tumors of the myometrium | Leiomyomas (fibroids) |
| Best medical treatment target for endometriosis | Suppress ovulation |
| Ovarian cyst containing hair, skin, bone | Dermoid cyst |
| Cause of yeast vaginitis | Candida albicans |
| Definition of cryptorchidism | Failure of testicular descent |
| Causative organism of syphilis | Treponema pallidum |
| Foreskin cannot be retracted over glans | Phimosis |
| Risk factors for testicular cancer | Cryptorchidism, White ethnicity, age 15–35 |
| Parasitic STI spread by skin-to-skin contact | Scabies |
| Cause of cirrhosis with jaundice, hepatomegaly, testicular atrophy | Alcoholic steatohepatitis |
| Causes of functional constipation | Low fiber, low fluids, sedentary lifestyle |
| Diarrhea type caused by bacterial infection | Secretory diarrhea |
| Most common cause of cholecystitis | Gallstone obstructing cystic duct |
| Main component of most gallstones | Cholesterol |
| Most common symptom of Meckel diverticulum in children | Painless rectal bleeding |
| Location of obstruction in extrahepatic portal hypertension | Hepatic portal vein |
| Cause of enterocolitis in Hirschsprung disease | Fecal impaction |
| Kwashiorkor is a deficiency of: | Protein |
| Structure damaged in celiac disease | Intestinal villi |
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