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A science guided by the basic understanding that "The social matters: our lives are affected, not only by our individual characteristics, but by our place in the social world."

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This refers to the level of connectedness and integration a person feels to others in an environment.

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Sociology Chapt 1-5

Chapter Study for THINK Sociology Carl 2010

Question	Answer
A science guided by the basic understanding that "The social matters: our lives are affected, not only by our individual characteristics, but by our place in the social world."	Sociology
This refers to the level of connectedness and integration a person feels to others in an environment.	Solidarity
This refers to the social mechanisms that regulate a person's actions.	Social Control
Suicides as a result of a lack of solidarity.	Egoistic Suicides
Suicides in which people feel isolated and alone.	Egoistic Suicides
Suicides resulting from a high level of solidarity.	Altruistic Suicides
Suicides in which the individual views the group's interest as superior to all other interests.	Altruistic Suicides
Suicides resulting from a lack of social control.	Fatalistic Suicides
Suicides in which the individual feels hopeless and that the future is too bleak to be worthwhile.	Fatalistic Suicides
Suicides resulting from social unrest.	Anomic Suicides
Suicides in which people can not handle chaos.	Anomic Suicides
A theoretical framework that defines society as a system of inter-related parts; a macro approach.	Functionalism
A theoretical framework through which scientists study the world.	Paradigm
A theoretical framework that views society as an unequal system that brings about conflict and change. For example, Rich vs. Poor	Conflict Theory
Solidarity by community bonding in traditional societies in which people share beliefs and values and perform common activities.	Mechanical Solidarity
Solidarity when people live in a society with a diverse division of labor.	Organic Solidarity
Functions that lead to an expected consequence or outcome.	Manifest Functions
Functions that lead to unforeseen or unexpected consequences.	Latent Functions
Social factors that affect people in a society.	Functions
Refers to a person's identity and what makes that individual different from others.	Self
A theory of interaction in which all life is like acting.	Dramaturgy
A person's lack of understanding of their place in society.	False consciousness
An understanding of one's position in a society.	Class consciousness
Scientific procedures that sociologists use to conduct research and develop knowledge about a particular topic.	Research Methods
The ability to conduct research without allowing personal biases and prejudices influence you.	Objectivity
Variables that are deliberated manipulated.	Independent variables
Variables as a response to the manipulated variables.	Dependent variables
Variables that are kept constant to accurately test the impact of an independent variable.	Control variables
A relationship in which one condition leads to a certain consequence. For example, gravity.	Causal Relationship
An indication that one factor might be a cause for another factor.	Correlation
The relationship between cause and effect.	Causation
Correlation in which two variables move in a parallel direction.	Positive correlation
Correlation in which variables move in opposite directions.	Negative Correlation
Correlation in which two variables appear to be related, but actually have a different cause.	Spurious Correlation
In the Scientific Method, what step do Sociologists select what you want to study? (First through Sixth Step)	First Step
In the Scientific Method, what step do Sociologists study relevant academic articles and information to learn what other researchers have previously discovered on the topic? (First through Sixth Step)	Second Step
In the Scientific Method, which step do Sociologists formulate a hypothesis in which to TEST a theory? (First through Sixth Step)	Third Step
In the Scientific Method, which step do Sociologists test their hypothesis using a research design? (First through Sixth Step)	Fourth Step
Research designs need to be what two things to be trustworthy in the scientific world?	Reliable and Valid
Data from different sources in order to evaluate them against each other are used in	Comparative Studies
When you look at one event at a single point in time, it is referred to as	Cross-sectional Studies
In the Scientific Method, what is the step called in which Sociologists select what you want to study?	Decide on a Topic
In the Scientific Method, what is the step called during which Sociologists study relevant academic articles and information to learn what other researchers have previously discovered on the topic?	Review the Literature
In the Scientific Method, what is the name of the step in which Sociologists formulate a hypothesis in which to TEST a theory?	Develop a Hypothesis
In the Scientific Method, what is the name of the step in which Sociologists test their hypothesis using a research design?	Collect Data
Studies that include data from observations over time using a cohort are called	Longitudinal Studies
A specific group of people used in a study.	Cohort
In the Scientific Method, in which step do Sociologists use statistical analysis? (First through Sixth Step)	Fifth Step
In the Scientific Method, what is the name of the step in which Sociologists use statistical analysis?	Analyze Results
Data that others have already collected and published is called	Secondary Data
The numbers in the middle of an array of numbers is	Central tendency
A measure of central tendency in which you add up all of the scores then divide by the number of scores. AKA Average	Mean
A measure of central tendency referring to the midpoint in a distribution of numbers.	Median
A measure of central tendency that refers to the most common value in the distribution of numbers.	Mode
A part of analyzing results in which you attempt to make sense of the data you collected.	Evaluating Data
In the Scientific Method, what is the name of the step in which Sociologists share their results to allow others to read and use findings in their own research?	Share and Publish Results
In the Scientific Method, in which step do Sociologists share their results to allow others to read and use findings in their own research? (First through Sixth Step)	Sixth Step
In what format do most Sociologists publish their studies in?	ASA
What does ASA stand for?	American Sociological Association
An investigation of the opinions or experiences of a group of people by asking them questions.	Survey
A subset of a population	Sample
The extent that what is learned from a sample can be applied to the population from which the sample is taken is called	Generalization
A group of subjects arbitrarily chosen from a defined population.	Random Sample
When people behave differently because they know they are apart of an experiment is referred to as the	Hawthorne effect
A type of field research in which the researcher poses as a person who is normally in the environment.	Participant observation
Investigations of one person or even in detail.	Case Studies
A research method that aims to understand the social perspective and cultural values of a particular group by participating with or getting to know their activities in detail.	Ethnography
A system of values or principles that guide one's behavior.	Ethics
A type of data including words, pictures, photos, or other types of information that come in non-numeric form.	Qualitative data
Quantitative data is based on	Numbers
Of the five general principles that make up ethical practice in sociology, which refers to the sociologist only researching what they are qualified to?	Professional Competence
Of the five general principles that make up ethical practice in sociology, which refers to the sociologist acting in an honest and fair manner?	Integrity
Of the five general principles that make up ethical practice in sociology, which refers to the researcher's obligation to treat others with professional courtesy?	Professional and scientific responsibility
Of the five general principles that make up ethical practice in sociology, which prohibits discrimination based on differences between people?	Respect for people's right, dignity, and diversity
Of the five general principles that make up ethical practice in sociology, which obligates the researcher to share the information they have gathered?	Social responsibility
A type of research in which the Sociologist looks for common words or themes in newspapers, books, or structured interviews.	Content Analysis
The language, beliefs, values, norms, behaviors, and material objects that are important enough to pass on to future generations in a society.	Culture
Culture passing from one generation to the next through language is called	Cultural transmission
Culture consisting of items within a culture that you can taste, touch, and feel.	Material Culture
Culture consisting of the nonphysical products of society, including our symbols, values, rules, and sanctions.	Nonmaterial Culture
What represents, suggests, or stands for something else in culture? IE A flag symbolizing America and freedom.	Symbols
A system of speech and/or written symbols used to convey meaning and communicate.	Language
Symbols we make using our bodies, such as facial expressions, hand movements, eye contact, and other types of body language.	Gestures
A part of a society's nonmaterial culture that represents cultural standards by which we determine what is good, bad, right, or wrong.	Values
What type of values help us define values, usually in terms of opposites?	Value Pairs
What type of values are two or more values that support each other?	Value clusters
What type of values occur when two or more values are at odds?	Value conflict
What famous Sociologist suggested the fifteen dominant values in the United States?	Robin Williams
Rules developed for appropriate behavior based on specific values that are conditional are	Norms
A prize or punishment you recieve when you either abide by a norm or violate it.	Sanction
What type of sanction does prosecution in a court of law belong to?	Formal Sanction
What type of sanction does odd looks from other individuals for an action belong to?	Informal Sanction
Informal types of norms are referred to as	Folkways
Norms that represent a community's most important values are	Mores
An act that is socially unacceptable. For example: tatoos, murder, bodily functions, or divorce.	Taboo
This occurs when a person uses his or her own culture to judge another culture.	Ethnocentrism
This refers to fear and hostility toward people who are from other countries or cultures. (911 resulted in this toward middle-easterners)	Xenophobia
This is perceiving other groups or societies as superior to your own.	Xenocentrism
Making a deliberate effort to appreciate a group's ways of life without prejudice is	Cultural relitvism
This happens when social and cultural changes occur at a slower pace than technological changes.	Cultural lag
This occurs when a person encounters a foreign culture and has an emotional response to the difference in cultures.	Culture shock
A subset of the dominant culture that has distinct values, beliefs, and norms. (Religious groups, ethnic groups, gay/lesbian, etc)	Subculture
Subcultures that express values or beliefs in direct opposition to the dominant group's values.	Countercultures
This refers to the 'shrinking' of the world through immediate electronic communications. (Facebook, myspace, twitter)	Global village
A concept that supports the inherent value of different cultures within society is	Multiculturalism
Proponents of this believe immigrants and ethnic groups should be able to maintain aspects of their original culture such as religion, language, cultural beliefs and traditions.	Multiculturalism
The process by which minority groups adopt the patterns of the dominant culture.	Assimilation
Who explores how language, gestures, or values affect a culture?	Symbolic interactionists
What are the three types of hypothesis of symbolic interactionism?	Comparative, distribution, and trend
Which type of hypothesis in symbolic interactionism weighs the US values against the values of other modern Democracies?	Comparative
Which type of hypothesis in symbolic interactionism weighs liberal values against conservative values?	Distribution
Which type of hypothesis in symbolic interactionism weighs secular values against traditional values.	Trend
When these individuals analyze culture, they ask how culture works to hold society together.	Functionalists
These individuals suggest that society is united in a struggle for scarce resources.	Conflict Theorists
The study of large-scale society, focusing on the social structures that exist within a society and examining how those structures create the social world.	Macrosociology
The study of the small interaction of daily life.	Microsociology
Patterns of relationships that endure form one generation to the next.	Social structures
Any number of people with similar norms, values, and behaviors who frequently interact with one another.	Group
Small, intimate groups such as the family and close friends.	Primary Groups
Formal, superficial, temporary groups such as relationships with most classmates.	Secondary groups
A group with similar access to power, wealth, and prestige.	Social Class
Social class can have a profound impact on your life, especially its length. With higher or lower class, do we see longer life?	higher
Position that you occupy within the social structure.	Status
A position in society that is given or assigned.	Ascribed status
A type of status that you earn or do something to attain.	Achieved status
The status toward which we gravitate. (Most important to us or society)	Master status
The behavior of a specific status.	role
The anticipated behaviors of a particular role	role expectations
The degree to which a person plays the role in a manner we expect.	Role performance
A phenomenon occurring when one is forced to choose between the competing demands of multiple roles.	Role conflict
This occurs when the demands and expectations of one role are impossible for us to satisfy.	Role strain
Marks of disgrace associated with a particular status, quality or person.	Stigma
A stigma that cannot be hidden from others, or is no longer hidden from others.	Discredited stigma
A stigma that can be concealed from others.	Discreditable stigma
What Sociologists believes the evolution of society consists of four main stages - hunting and gathering, agricultural, industrial, and postindustrial.	Gerhard E. Lenski
In what stage of society did people generally live in small groups of approximately 150 individuals, statuses and roles were closely linked and everyone had to be involved in the production of food? (Approx 50,000 years ago)	Hunting and gathering
In what stage of society did humans learn to use simple hand tools and domestication of plants and animals? (Approx 10,000 years ago)	Agricultural
In what stage of society did complex machines replace human labor, technology was used to make goods, a surplus developed and improved the standard of living, and there was less inequality than in agricultural societies? (17th and 18th century)	Industrial
In what stage of society do people move from an economy based on manufacturing to one based on services and technology, tending to seek manufacturing goods and food from other societies, changes in status and power, and large surpluses of wealth occur.	Postindustrial
Structures that provide for patterned relationships are	Social institutions
What system allows for the consumption, production, and transition of goods in an orderly fashion? Early versions of this involved bartering.	Economic
What type of system transfers knowledge and information of the society to new members?	Educational
What type of system aims to unify people through an organized system of beliefs?	Religious
What type of system distributes power in societies?	Political
What Functionalist divided solidarity into the two types: Mechanical and Organic.	Emile Durkheim
What sociologist classified society into the two types of Gemeinshaft and Gesellschaft?	Ferdinand Tonnies
Of Tonnies' two types of society, which involves personal relationships based on friendship and kinship ties, such as family? Meaning community.	Gemeinshaft
of Tonnies' two types of society, which refers to connections that are more formal and impersonal? Meaning society.	Gesellschaft
The invisible bubble that each of us have around ourselves to insulate us from others.	Personal space
Space reserved for those with whom we are close.	Intimate distance
Distance set for normal conversations, ranging from 18 in. to 4ft.	Personal distance
Space reserved for formal settings, ranging from about 4ft to 12 ft.	Social distance
The zone of interaction that is used in highly formal settings. (Generally greater than 12 ft)	Public Distance
Who developed the theory of interaction called dramaturgy?	Erving Goffman
Erving Goffman developed a theory of interaction called	dramaturgy
Management of the impression the performer makes on others is referred to as	Impression management
In the theory of dramaturgy, what the audience see, or the part of ourselves that we present to others is called	front stage
In the theory of dramaturgy, the demeanor that incorporates our true feelings and beliefs is referred to as	back stage
A state that occurs when we realize our act has failed.	embarrassment
A reaction to embarrassment in the form of either humor, anger, or retreat..	Face-saving work
Which of Wayne and Liden's three compenents that influence performance reviews refers to sharing characteristics such as race, gender, or age with your boss or coworkers?	Demographic similarity
Which of Wayne and Liden's three compenents that influence performance reviews involves flattering your boss, agreeing with their opinions, and/or avoiding disagreements whenever possible?	Supervisor-focused impression management
Which of Wayne and Liden's three compenents that influence performance reviews includes acting modest about your accomplishments, even if that modesty is false?	Self-focused impression management
The process that teaches the norms, values, and other aspects of culture to new group members.	Socialization
Type of socialization that occurs during childhood.	Primary socialization
Type of socialization that continues throughout our lives.	Secondary socialization
The belief that genetic and biological heredity are the primary causes of human behaviors.	Nature theory
The belief that the way in which we think, feel, and behave are the results of our environment.	Nurture theory
Which theorist proposed the theory of the "looking-glass self"?	Charles H. Cooley
What are the key concepts of the three stages of Cooley's looking glass self?	Awareness, interpretation, and internalization.
What step of Cooley's looking glass self refers to awareness?	We imagine how we appear to others
What step of Cooley's looking glass self refers to interpretation?	We draw general conclusions based on the actions of others
What step of Cooley's looking glass self refers to internalization?	We develop our sense of personal identity
What symbollic interactionist theorized the the "I-me" self? (In Mind, Self, and Society)	George Herbert Mead
Mead's theory of self consists of what two parts?	"I" and "me"
In Mead's theory of self, which part refers to the subjective part of the self?	"I" self
In Mead's theory of self, which part refers to the objective part of self?	"Me" self
Mead's first stage of development, which occurs from 0-2, and it is the stage at which children merely copy the behaviors of those around them.	Imitation stage
Mead's second stage of development, which occurs around the ages of 2-4 year, during which children play roles and begin to take on characteristics of important people in their world.	Play stage
Mead's third stage of development which never truly ends, and is the stage in which we begin to understand that others have expectations and demands placed upon them.	Game stage
In whose theory of self does the unconscious is a major motivating factor and childhood experiences are of fundamental importance in later development?	Sigmond Freud
In what stage of Freud's theory of self do we begin as egocentric, aggressive pleasure-seeking infants?	Id
In what stage of Freud's theory of self does the rational part of the self develop?	Ego
In what stage of Freud's theory of self do we develop a conscience?	Superego
Who suggested that moral reasoning occurs on the three levels of preconventional, conventional, and postconventional?	Lawrence Kohlberg
What level of Kohlbeg's moral development are moral decisions based on seeking pleasure over pain?	Preconventional
What level of Kohlbeg's moral development are norms and rules used to determine what is right and wrong?	Conventional
What level of Kohlbeg's moral development is morality based on abstract principles and circumstances surrounding an action?	Postconventional
Who opposed Lawrence Kohlberg's assumption that both males and females go through the same stages of developing their morality?	Carol Gilligan
Morality based on the rule of law.	Morality of justice
Morality decided by a standard of how best to help those who are in need.	Morality of care
According to Gilligan, what gender is more likely to use morality of justice?	Male
According to Gilligan, what gender is more likely to use morality of care?	Female
The people and groups that shape our self-concept, beliefs, and behavior. Including family, social class, neighborhood, religion, education, and media.	Agents of Socialization
Seeking pleasure over pain.	Hedonism
A parenting style in which parents listen to their children's input while consistently enforcing the rules.	Authoritative
A parenting style in which parents provide high levels of support but an inconsistent enforcement of rules.	Permissive
A parenting style with which children experience high level of social control but low levels emotional support.	Authoritarian
Rich or poor neighborhoods on average have higher rates of crime, teen pregnancy, drug use, and high school drop outs?	Poor
The process of learning new norms, values, attitudes, and behaviors and abandoning old ones.	Resocialization
Places in which the most effective forms of resocialization can occur because they isolate people from outside influences so they can be reformed and controlled.	Total institutions
Whose research found that working class parents focus on obedience to authority when socializing their children?	Melvin Kohn
Charles Tittle and Michael Welch found that the more religious the juvenile, the (more or less) likely he or she is to be a delinquent?	less
The lessons taught in school that are unrelated to academic learning.	Hidden curriculum
Any print or electronic resource that is used to communicate to a wide audience - transmitting stories, values, and attitudes.	Mass media
Who proposed that people develop a personality in eight psychosocial stages in which each stage we experience a crisis that upon resolving will have an effect on our ability to deal with the next.	Erik Erikson
Who proposed that people go through a four-stage process of cognitive development? Including, sensorimotor, preoperational, concrete operational and formal operational.	Jean Piaget
Piaget's stage of cognitive development at which infants learn to experience and think about the world through their senses and motor skills.	Sensorimotor
Piaget's stage of cognitive development at which the ability to speak grows rapidly.	Preoperational
Piaget's stage of cognitive development at which children can think about objects in the world in more than one way and start to understand casual connections in their surroundings.	Concrete Operational
Piaget's stage of cognitive development at which people become able to comprehend abstract thought.	Formal operational
Which functionalist thought of society as made up of independent yet interdependent parts? The idea that if one part of society fails to work, the whole system suffers.	Talcott Parsons
What functionalist contributed his understanding that social realities have both intended and unintended functions? Identifying them as Manifest and Latent functions.	Robert Merton
What German theorist and social activist analyzed the effects of capitalism?	Karl Marx
What theorist believed that capitalism corrupted human nature?	Karl Marx
What sociologist hoped that capitalism and industrialization would bring greater justice and opportunity?	Harriet Martineau
Which sociologist focused on the inequality between the sexes as well as inequalities of the economic system?	Martineau
What sociologist focused particularly on issues of racial inequality in the United States?	W.E.B. Du Bois
Who is the author of The Philadelphia Negro?	Du Bois
Former students of this American sociologist combined his articles, notes, and lectures into the book Mind, Self, and Society.	George Herbert Mead
A rapid, irrational mode in which people do not think rationally or clearly.	Contagion
What sociologist, and disciple of Mead, formulated the theory of contagion?	Herbert Blumer
A theoretical framework that focuses on how people interact with others in their everyday lives.	Symbolic Interactionism

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