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Stack #4595937

QuestionAnswer
Structuralism Early approach aiming to break consciousness into basic elements using introspection.
Functionalism Psych approach emphasizing how mental processes function to help organisms adapt.
Behaviorism Scientific study of observable behavior and learning through conditioning.
Confounding Variable Uncontrolled factor affecting results.
Descriptive Research Research describing behavior without testing cause-and-effect.
Correlational Research Measures relationships between variables but cannot determine causation.
Third Variable Problem A hidden variable explains a correlation between two other variables.
Experimental Research Method testing causal relationships by manipulating variables.
Within-Subjects Design Same participants experience all conditions.
Between-Subjects Design Different participants experience different conditions.
Independent Samples t-Test Examines mean differences between two separate groups.
Paired Samples t-Test Examines mean differences within the same participants across conditions.
t-Statistic Ratio comparing difference between means to variability.
Degrees of Freedom Number of values free to vary; used in hypothesis testing.
p-Value Probability results occurred by chance if the null hypothesis is true.
Type I Error False positive—rejecting null when it is true.
Type II Error False negative—not rejecting null when it is false.
Heritability Proportion of variance explained by genetic differences.
Neuron Nerve cell transmitting information.
Dendrites Receive neural signals.
Axon Sends neural signals.
Myelin Sheath Insulates axon, speeds conduction.
Action Potential Electrical impulse traveling down axon.
Synapse Gap between neurons.
CNS Brain and spinal cord.
PNS All nerves outside the CNS.
Sympathetic Nervous System Activates fight-or-flight response.
Parasympathetic Nervous System Rest-and-digest response.
Frontal Lobe Planning and decision-making.
Parietal Lobe Touch and spatial processing.
Temporal Lobe Hearing and memory.
Bottom-Up Processing Perception from sensory input.
Top-Down Processing Perception influenced by expectations.
Sensory Memory Brief sensory store.
Short-Term Memory Limited storage of information (~20 seconds).
Working Memory Active processing system.
Long-Term Memory Permanent storage of information.
Explicit Memory Conscious memory.
Implicit Memory Unconscious skills and associations.
Semantic Memory Facts and knowledge.
Episodic Memory Personal events.
Procedural Memory Skills and habits.
Encoding Specificity Recall best when context matches.
Proactive Interference Old information interferes with new information.
Retroactive Interference New information interferes with old information.
Classical Conditioning Learning via association.
Operant Conditioning Learning via consequences.
Positive Reinforcement Adding a pleasant stimulus to increase behavior.
Negative Reinforcement Removing an aversive stimulus to increase behavior.
Positive Punishment Adding an aversive stimulus to decrease behavior.
Negative Punishment Removing a pleasant stimulus to decrease behavior.
Fixed Ratio Reinforcement after a set number of responses.
Variable Ratio Reinforcement after an unpredictable number of responses.
Fixed Interval Reinforcement after a fixed amount of time.
Variable Interval Reinforcement after an unpredictable amount of time.
James-Lange Theory Emotion follows bodily arousal.
Cannon-Bard Theory Emotion and arousal occur simultaneously.
Two-Factor Theory (Schachter-Singer) Emotion equals arousal plus cognitive label.
Piaget Sensorimotor Stage Stage characterized by object permanence.
Piaget Preoperational Stage Stage marked by egocentrism and lack of conservation.
Piaget Concrete Operational Stage Stage marked by logical thinking.
Piaget Formal Operational Stage Stage marked by abstract reasoning.
Secure Attachment Distressed by separation but soothed upon reunion.
Anxious Attachment Clingy and difficult to soothe.
Avoidant Attachment Avoids caregiver.
Disorganized Attachment Inconsistent attachment responses.
Fundamental Attribution Error Overestimating personality and underestimating situation.
Actor-Observer Bias Own behavior attributed to situation; others’ to traits.
Cognitive Dissonance Tension from inconsistent attitudes and behaviors.
Central Route Persuasion Persuasion through strong arguments.
Peripheral Route Persuasion Persuasion through superficial cues.
Implicit Attitude Automatic evaluation.
Explicit Attitude Conscious belief.
Intrinsic Motivation Driven by enjoyment.
Extrinsic Motivation Driven by rewards.
Overjustification Effect External rewards reduce intrinsic interest.
HPA Axis Stress hormone pathway.
Allostatic Load Wear and tear from chronic stress.
Subjective Well-Being Happiness plus life satisfaction.
Hedonic Adaptation Return to baseline happiness after change.
Psychodynamic Therapy Focuses on unconscious conflict.
Humanistic Therapy Client-centered approach.
Behavioral Therapy Conditioning-based therapy.
Cognitive Therapy Changing thought patterns.
Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBT) Combines cognitive and behavioral approaches.
Biomedical Therapy Medication and biological treatments.
Self-Serving Bias Attributing successes to internal factors and failures to external factors.
Dispositional Attribution Explaining behavior based on internal traits.
Situational Attribution Explaining behavior based on external circumstances.
Person-Situation Debate Debate over whether behavior is driven by personality or situation.
Kohlberg’s Moral Development Theory of moral reasoning across three levels.
Preconventional Level Moral reasoning based on punishment and reward.
Conventional Level Moral reasoning based on social rules and approval.
Postconventional Level Moral reasoning based on ethical principles beyond laws.
Identity Moratorium Active exploration without commitment.
Identity Diffusion Lack of exploration and commitment.
Identity Foreclosure Commitment without exploration.
Identity Achievement Exploration followed by commitment.
Dark Triad Cluster of narcissism, Machiavellianism, and psychopathy.
Narcissism Grandiosity, entitlement, and need for admiration.
Machiavellianism Manipulativeness and strategic exploitation of others.
Psychopathy Impulsivity, lack of empathy, and antisocial behavior.
Drive-Reduction Theory Motivation arises from desire to reduce physiological discomfort.
Problem-Focused Coping Reducing stress by addressing the problem.
Emotion-Focused Coping Reducing stress by managing emotions.
Type A Personality Competitive, impatient, and hostility-prone personality style.
DSM-5 Diagnostic manual for mental disorders.
Anxiety Disorders Disorders characterized by excessive fear or anxiety.
Schizophrenia Disorder involving hallucinations, delusions, and disorganized thinking.
Created by: user-2008957
 

 



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