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APWH AAI Midterm

TermDefinition
Spain's discovery of the Americas 1492-1500s - Columbus's 1492 voyage began Spanish colonization. Encomienda system exploited indigenous labor. Silver mining created vast wealth. Treaty of Tordesillas (1494) divided New World between Spain and Portugal.
Philippines 1521-1898 - Magellan arrived 1521; colonized 1565. Named after Philip II. Manila connected Americas to Asia via galleon trade, exchanging American silver for Chinese silk and porcelain.
French Exploration 1534-1700s - Cartier explored St. Lawrence (1534). Champlain founded Quebec (1608). New France focused on fur trade and Native American alliances from Canada to Louisiana.
Dutch East India Company 1602-1799 - First multinational corporation to issue stock. Controlled Southeast Asian spice trade, established colonies in Indonesia and Cape Colony. Dominated Indian Ocean trade through force.
Demand for sugar 1500s-1800s - Sugar cultivation in Caribbean/Brazil drove Atlantic slave trade. Labor-intensive crop required millions of enslaved Africans. Most valuable Atlantic commodity.
Monumental architecture Various periods - Demonstrated state power across civilizations. Examples: Versailles (1600s), Taj Mahal (1632-53), Forbidden City (1406-20). Showcased wealth and authority.
Agriculture in the New World 1492-1700s - Columbian Exchange transformed global agriculture. Americas gave potatoes, maize, tomatoes; received wheat, rice, sugar, livestock. Plantation system relied on enslaved labor.
Atlantic culture system 1500s-1800s - Integrated economy linking Europe, Africa, Americas. Europeans provided goods, Africans labor, Americas raw materials. Created cultural blending of language, religion, music.
Triangular (North Atlantic) trade 1500s-1800s - Europe sent manufactured goods to Africa, enslaved Africans to Americas (Middle Passage), American raw materials to Europe. Enriched Europeans, devastated Africans.
African diaspora 1500s-1800s - 12+ million Africans forcibly moved to Americas through slave trade. Created new cultures blending African, European, indigenous traditions in music, religion, language.
Innovations in ship design 1400s-1600s - Portuguese caravel combined square/lateen sails. Galleons enabled larger cargo. Improved navigation: astrolabe, compass. Enabled Age of Exploration and global trade.
World demographic changes 1500s-1800s - American crops caused population growth in Eurasia/Africa. Indigenous Americans declined 90% from disease. Atlantic slave trade moved millions. Global population doubled.
Casta system 1500s-1800s - Spanish colonial racial hierarchy. Peninsulares (Spanish-born) at top, then Creoles, mestizos, mulattos, indigenous, enslaved Africans. Determined legal rights and status.
Baghdad 750-1258 - Abbasid capital, Islamic Golden Age center. House of Wisdom preserved Greek/Persian texts. Hub of mathematics, astronomy, medicine. Destroyed by Mongols 1258.
Silver trade 1500s-1800s - Spanish silver from Potosí and Mexico flowed to Europe and China via Manila galleons. Connected global economy, caused European inflation, enriched China.
Indian Ocean trade 1200-1750 - Network connecting East Africa, Middle East, India, Southeast Asia, China. Monsoon winds enabled trade in spices, textiles, gems. Muslim merchants dominated pre-1500.
Hanseatic League 1200s-1600s - Northern European merchant alliance controlling Baltic/North Sea trade in timber, fish, grain, furs. Significant political power. Declined with nation-states.
Mali Empire 1235-1600 - West African empire controlling trans-Saharan gold/salt trade. Mansa Musa's 1324 hajj displayed wealth. Timbuktu became Islamic learning center. Declined from internal conflict.
Ibn Battuta 1304-1368 - Moroccan scholar who traveled 75,000+ miles across Africa, Middle East, India, Southeast Asia, China (1325-1354). His Rihla documented Islamic world and trade networks.
Martin Luther 1483-1546 - German monk sparked Protestant Reformation with 95 Theses (1517) criticizing indulgences. Emphasized faith alone and Bible authority. Protestantism spread via printing press.
Marco Polo 1254-1324 - Venetian merchant traveled to China (1271-1295), served Kublai Khan. His book about Mongol Empire and Chinese wealth inspired European interest in Asia and later exploration.
Magna Carta 1215 - English charter limiting King John's power, establishing king subject to law. Guaranteed legal rights and due process. Foundation for constitutional government and individual rights.
Japan and cultural borrowing 600s-1800s - Japan adopted Chinese/Korean Buddhism, Confucianism, writing, architecture, government. Heian period (794-1185) created distinct Japanese culture. Later borrowed Portuguese firearms.
Pax Mongolica 1200s-1300s - Peace across Mongol Empire facilitated safe Silk Road trade and cultural exchange between East and West. Ended with empire fragmentation and Black Death spread.
Tokugawa Shogunate 1603-1868 - Military government unified Japan. Sakoku policy limited foreign contact to Dutch at Nagasaki. Rigid social hierarchy with samurai class. Peace and cultural development.
Mughal Empire 1526-1857 - Islamic empire in India founded by Babur. Peak under Akbar (religious tolerance). Built Taj Mahal. Combined Persian, Islamic, Indian cultures. Declined under Aurangzeb, British.
Songhai Empire 1464-1591 - West African empire succeeding Mali. Controlled trans-Saharan gold/salt trade. Timbuktu and Gao became Islamic scholarship centers. Fell to Moroccan gunpowder invasion 1591.
Fall of the Byzantine Empire 1453 - Constantinople fell to Ottoman Turks under Mehmed II using gunpowder cannons. Ended 1,000-year empire. Marked end of Middle Ages. Greek scholars fled to Europe, aiding Renaissance.
Louis XIV 1643-1715 - "Sun King," absolute monarch of France. Built Versailles to centralize power. "L'état, c'est moi" (I am the state). Strengthened military/culture. Revoked Edict of Nantes.
Created by: syeduvaka
 

 



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