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BIOLOGY FE
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| the basic characteristics of life (8) | Made of one or more cells, displays organization, grows and develops, reproduces, responds to stimuli, requires energy, maintains homeostasis, adaptions evolve over time |
| a testable explanation for a phenomenon | Hypothesis |
| a response to a stimulus | reaction to environmental change |
| a quantitative and qualitative measurement | quantitative measurement: numbers (has, height, temp) qualitative measurement: descriptions (color, texture, shape) |
| the benefits of detritivores | break down dead matter; returns nutrients back to soil, air, water; w/o them, no organic material + nutrients available for reuse |
| What is released at each level of the energy pyramid | Heat |
| What process captures and converts nitrogen to a usable form for plants | Nitrogen Fixation (in Nitrogen Cycle) |
| parts of the phosphorus cycle (remember: NO GAS PHASE) | Phospha in solution cycle from soil to producers to consumers. Organisms die/produce waste products, decomposers return phospho to soil. Phospho moves ST to LT thru precipi and sedimen(Phospha in aqua lift land). weathering/erosion adds phosphor to soil. |
| percentage of freshwater and saltwater on the Earth | Saltwater 97.5 : Freshwater 2.5% |
| how long it takes to occur? Primary succession vs. secondary succession | Primary succession: LONG (no topsoil) Secondary succession: SHORTER (soil already exist) |
| name some simple biomes of the United States and the types of animals that are there. | TUNDRA: caribou, polar bears, birds, insects, wolves, arctic hares, musk ox BOREAL FOREST: birds, moose, deer, wolverines, lynx DESERT: lizards, bobcats, birds, tortoises, rats, antelope, desert toads |
| name some simple biomes of the United States and the types of animals that are there. #2 | TEMPERATE FOREST: amphibian, reptile, squirrel, rabbit, skunk, bird, deer, fox, black bear TEMP WOODLAND+SHRUBLAND: fox, jackrabbit, bobcat, coyote, reptile, butterfly TEMP GRASSLAND: gazelle, bison, horse, lions, deer, mice, coyote, fox, wolves, snakes |
| causes of population increases and decreases | Population INCREASES: Agriculture+domestication o animals, High birthrate, Technological advances, Medicine, Shelter improvement Population DECREASES: Famine, Diseases, High death rate+low birth rate |
| Various reproductive strategies for different species | r-strategist: population controlled by Density INDEPENDENT factor (doesn't maintain population near carrying capa) ex. mouse k-strategist: population controlled by density DEPENDENT factor(reaches equilibrium at the carrying capa) |
| values of an ecosystem | Direct economic value (food, clothing, energy, medicine, shelter), Indirect EV(oxygen, removing CO2, drinking water, nutrients, natural disaster protection, fertile soil, detoxify, decompose waste, regulate climate, Aesthetic+ Scientific value |
| mass extinction definition | an event in which a large percentage of all living species become extinct in relatively short period of time |
| benefits of habitat corridors | connect small parcels of land, allow organisms to move safely from one place to another, creates larger piece of land (sustain variety of species&genetic function) |
| different organisms making food in different ways | Autotrophs make their OWN food Chemoautotrophs use INORGANIC substances as source of energy Phototrophs convert LIGHT energy from sun into chemical energy Heterotrophs INGEST food to obtain energy Detritivore eat DEAD matter |
| causes of population increases and decreases | Population INCREASES: Agriculture+domestication o animals, High birthrate, Technological advances, Medicine, Shelter improvement Population DECREASES: Famine, Diseases, High death rate+low birth rate |
| various reproductive strategies for different species | r-strategist: population controlled by Density INDEPENDENT factor (doesn't maintain population near carrying capa) ex. mouse k-strategist: population controlled by density DEPENDENT factor(reaches equilibrium at the carrying capa) |
| values of an ecosystem | Direct economic value (food, clothing, energy, medicine, shelter), Indirect EV(oxygen, removing CO2, drinking water, nutrients, natural disaster protection, fertile soil, detoxify, decompose waste, regulate climate, Aesthetic+ Scientific value |
| mass extinction definition | an event in which a large percentage of all living species become extinct in relatively short period of time |
| benefits of habitat corridors | connect small parcels of land, allow organisms to move safely from one place to another, creates larger piece of land (sustain variety of species&genetic function) |
| different organisms making food in different ways | Autotrophs make their OWN food Chemoautotrophs use INORGANIC substances as source of energy Phototrophs convert LIGHT energy from sun into chemical energy Heterotrophs INGEST food to obtain energy Detritivore eat DEAD matter |
| the first law of thermodynamics | (law of conservation energy) States energy can be Converted from one another, but never Created or Destroyed |
| the name of light-absorbing molecules | Pigments in plants: Chlorophyll |
| what happens when haploid gametes combine | Fertilization occur and Diploid cell is made |
| why cells have a limit on how big they can be | 1. Higher ratio of surface-area-to-volume-ratio 2. Sustain themselves more easily 3. Easy movement of substances 4. Need for signaling proteins to move throughout cell |
| apoptosis defintion: | Programmed cell death ex. leaves falling trees |
| how Down Syndrome works | the result of an Extra Chromosome 21 aften called TRISOMY 21 |
| how males and females are affected by sex-linked traits differently | Males: one X chromosome, so affected more often by recessive X-linked traits Females: less likely, since other X chromosome mask the effect of trait |
| what is a carrier for a trait | Individual who is heterozygous for recessive disorder |
| difference between homogeneous and heterogeneous | Homozygous: two same alleles for trait (YY, yy) Heterozygous: two different alleles for trait (Yy) |
| the function of DNA polymerase during replication | Adds complementary nucleotides by reading original DNA strand Proofreads + checks for mistakes (if wrong, remove and fixes) A-T C-G T-A G-C |
| building blocks of DNA | Nucleotides: Phosphate group, Deoxyribose Sugar, Nitrogenous Base |
| basic types of mutations (6) | MISSENSE - wrong amino acid NONSENSE - substitution, premature stop codon DELETION - cause frameshift INSERTION - cause frameshift DUPLICATION - FAT FAT EXPANDING MUTATION - tandem repeats (ex. CAT CAT CAT CAT CAT CAT) |
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