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Earth Final
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Tsunami | Japanese for harbor wave |
| Is a Tsunami a tidal wave? | NO |
| July 29, 2025 Kamchatka Peninsula Russia | A magnitude 8.8 Mw earthquake resulted in a tsunami observed throughout the Pacific Ocean Basin. Preliminary reports indicate a max tsunami runup (splash mark) ranging between 17-19m SE Kamchatka and the northern Kuril Islands. One death 13 injuries |
| 2018 Sunda Strait Tsunami, Indonesia (Dec 22,2018) | Caused by an eruption and partial collapse of the Anak Krakatau volcano, this tsunami struck coastal areas of Java and Sumatra with little to no warning killing more than 200 people |
| 2018 Palu Tsunami, Indonesia (September 28 2018) | A magnitude 7.5 earthquake in Sulawesi triggered a localized, fast moving tsunami (11m) that devastated Palu Bay. The combination of the earthquake and tsunami resulted in over 4300 deaths |
| 2010 Chile Earthquake and Tsunami (February 27, 2010) | An 8.8 magnitude earthquake generated a tsunami (29m) that affected the Chilean coast, causing significant damage and at least 525 deaths |
| Tohoku Tsunami, Japan- March 11, 2011 | 32 feet (10m). 22,000 deaths |
| Indian Ocean earthquake and Tsunami-December 26 2004 | 164 feet or 50m. 275,000 deaths |
| Krakatoa Eruption and Tsunami-May 20th 1883 | Up to 150 feet (46m) thousands of deaths |
| Hoei Earthquake and Tsunami- October 28th 1707 | up to 82 feet (25 meters) 5000 deaths |
| Sanriku Earthquake and Tsunamis-June 15, 1896 | 125 feet (38m) 22,000 deaths |
| Arica Earthquake and Tsunami-August 13th 1868 | 39 feet (12m) and 52 feet (16m) 25,000 deaths |
| Lisbon Earthquake and Tsunami-November 1, 1755 | between 20 and 65 feet (6 and 20 m) up to 50,000 deaths |
| Meio Earthquake and Tsunami-September 20, 1498 | up to 56 feet (17m) up to 41,000 deaths |
| Why the Pacific Ocean basin? | Geometry of the deformation: larger earthquakes due to convergence, subduction zones displaces water up more often |
| Tsunami modeling | Huge volcanic eruption on 21 October 1883. Eruption was 6 on VEI. Explosion heard almost 5000km away. Air compressions traveled around the globe up to 3 times. Pyroclastic flows entering the ocean created numerous tsunamis |
| Tsunami from the eruption of Krakatoa | These huge boulders were dredged up from the seafloor and moved by the tsunami |
| 2004 Sumatra earthquake and tsunami | subduction zone earthquake (9.1M). Indian Ocean crust subducting underneath Burma micro-plate (Sunda Trench) |
| 2004 Sumatra earthquake and tsunami modeling | 2006 UNESCO activated the Indian Ocean Tsunami Warning System. 25 seismographic stations, 26 national tsunami information centers, 6 deep ocean assessment and reporting of tsunami (DART) buoys |
| 2004 Sumatra earthquake and tsunami at the time | No early warning systems available. Most people did not recognize the signs. An eight year old girl did use her recent education to save a couple hundred people |
| 2004 Sumatra earthquake and tsunami details | A 1200km section of the earth's crust shifted beneath the Indian Ocean and the earthquake released stored energy. Speeds of 500km/hr. |
| Within 10 minutes of the earthquake, The Sumatra tsunami reached | Nicobar and Andaman islands. Banda Aceh was struck another 10 minutes later |
| Within 2 hours of the earthquake, the Sumatra Tsunami reached | Thailand and Sri Lanka. The east coast of India was hit shortly after. Three hours after the earthquake, the Maldives were hit and then 7 hours after, the Somali coast |
| 2004 Sumatra earthquake and tsunami deaths and cost | 275,000 people killed in fourteen countries across two continents. Costed over 9.9 billion US dollars |
| 2011 Tohoku earthquake and tsunami | earthquake was a 9.1. created free oscillations. multiple fore shocks and after shocks of magnitude 6 and 8. Up to 40m tall tsunami traveling up to 700km/h. Caused Fukushima nuclear disaster |
| What can cause such a movement of water? | Earthquakes at subduction zones, landslides, asteroid impacts, explosive volcanoes, nuclear explosions |
| Physics of a Tsunami | Long period waves (30-60 minutes). Wavelength in hundreds of meters. Any particle affected by the wave is displaced in circular motion. Wave displacement decreases with depth. V up to 950km/h. Distinctive drop in water first |
| Tsunami mechanics via earthquake | 1. trench rupture 2. continental shelf deformation 3. Splay faults 4. landslides |
| Tsunami mechanics via landslide | More recent investigations: Do not show such instability of the volcano cone. If failure was to occur, it would more likely be smaller pieces at a time. Tsunami damage more likely to be local as opposed to ocean-wide |
| Meteotsunami | Scientists used a model (RIFT) to simulate wave generation. A series of large waves created by strong storms. Wave physics is just like seismically generated tsunamis. Not as big but can still cause some localized damage. |
| Tsunami Risk management | 39 US plus 21 international Deep Ocean Assessment and Reporting of Tsunamis (DART) buoys. Can measure a tsunami as small as 1cm in open water. Localized models help forecast flood potential |
| Tsunami Risk Management buoys | Continues to collect tsunami data and measure against model forecast to refine models. Issues advisories, watches and warnings to public at risk |
| How the buoy system works | Tsunameter anchored to sea floor can sense pressure change of passing tsunami. Tsunameter sends record of this pressure change to surface buoy using soundwaves through water |
| How the buoy system works part 2 | Surface buoy sends information via satellite to tsunami warning center. Warning centers put data from different buoys into model to forecast tsunami heights and arrival times. Alerts are sent if certain thresholds are met |
| Hazard assessment | Inundation hazard maps. Forecasting arrival times and wave heights of a particular event. Providing risk assessment to potentially affected areas. Probabilistic (stochastic) maps to potentially affected areas for policy decision making |
| Hazard response | Once the potentially impacted areas have been identified, evacuation routes and safe areas get delineated |
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