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Chapter 2(Neuron)
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Neuron | Nerve Cell that transmits info (Neural impusles) 100 Billion Neurons |
| Neurogenesis | Birth of new neurons in lower regions of brain |
| Neuroplasticity | Fuction of dead neurons taken over by surrounding neurons |
| 3 kinds of neurons *********** | 1. Sensory- Info from 5 scenses 2. Motor- muscle movemnet 3. Interneurons- One neuron to another |
| Dendrites *************** | Greek for branches/ Recieve Info |
| What does the # of dendrites depend on | # of Dendrites depends on cerebal stimulation |
| What is Synaptic Prunin | Reduction or "Pruning off of dendrites" |
| Kids learn from the parents based on what princible | Serve and Return |
| 4 ways of neglect | Ocassional Inattention Chronic Under-Stimulation Severe Neglect in a family context Severe Neglect in an industrial setting |
| What is does Cell body called and what does it do? | Soma- Contains nucleus/ positive ions / chemical machinary |
| What is the Axon and what does it do? *********** | Long, fiber tube that transmits signals away from soma. Size is millimeters to feet (Spine to foot) Longest part of motor neuron |
| What is the protective layer on the axon and describe it************ | Mylein Sheath- Fatty insulin/ 1/2 of neurons/ Prevents cross-circulation |
| Mylein Sheaths are found on what neurons | Longer and packed closley together ones |
| Why are mylenated neurons faster | They have Nodes of Ranvier |
| What are the points along the axon that allows ions to enter and re-charge neural impulse.... speedburst | Nodes of Ranvier |
| Part of Axon where nuron communicates by turning electrical impusle to chemical impulse (Neurotransmitter) | Axon Terminals |
| Whats a sudden change in electrcal charges within and outside the neuron called? This is where ions are transferred (outside to indside) | Neural Impulse |
| What allows cells to rech -60Mv************(Minimum stimulation) | Ions through neural impulses |
| 3 ions of cell | Potassium, Sodium, Chloride |
| What princible deals with a neuron stimulated will either produce an action potential or it will not | All-Or-None Principle |
| What is the stage called when a neuron just fired | Refractory Stage |
| Speed of Neural impulse | 200 MPH |
| What is the neural threshold for a neuron | (-60mV) |
| What is the junction between the axon terminal and dendrite of next neuron************* | Synapse |
| Is the message in the synapse electrical or chemical | chemical |
| What is the reabsorbition or vaccuming up of unused NTs by the sneding neuron | Reuptake |
| What are the places where NTs are recived | Receptor sites |
| Are receptor sites NT specific | Yes |
| Agonist ********** | Chemical that speeds up neural reception (caffeine/Nicotine/Buspirone- Seretonin) |
| Antagonist ************ | Chemical that slows down neural reception(Morphine) |
| Resting potential of neuron | Cell is inactive (-70mV) |
| Action Potential of Neuron | Breif elctronical charge that travles down axon (+40mV)--> Depolarization of the neural membrane |
| What are neurotransmitters?*********** | chemicals that transmit info from one neuron to another (Over 100 types) |
| Neurotransmitters can be:********** | Destroyed by enzymes or reuptake inhibitor |
| Controls voluntary movements / mood regulator/ feel good | Dopamine |
| Too many Dopamine Receptor Sites X Too Little Dopamine Receptor Sites Y*************** | X Schizophrenia Y Parkisons |
| Body's natural painkiller/ Runner's High/ Resemble opiates | Endorphins |
| Muscle memory/ Brain and Spinal Cord/ Muscle contraction/ Motor Movement/ Memory | Acetycholine |
| Reduction of Acetycholine************ | Alzheimers |
| Mood regulation/ Bipolar | Norepinephrine |
| Too many Norepinephrine | Manic State |
| Too little Norepinephrine | Depressive State |
| What stabalizes Norepinephrine | Lithium Carbonate |
| Sleep and Mood Regulation/ Anxiety Disorders*********** | Seratonin |
| What can be prescribed withAnxiety disorders that blocks reuptake of Seratonin | SSRI (Selective Serotin Reuptake Inhibitor) |
| Learning/ Memory/ Pain/ Too much= Migranes and seizures | Glutamate |
| Iszomia/ seizures | GABA |
| Nervous system that consists of brain and spinal cord --> recieveing/ processing sensory info | Central Nervous System(CNS) |
| Nervous System that connects all parts of body with CNS and takes perphial parts and sends it back to CNS | Periphial Nervous System (PNS) |
| Part of PNS critical for outer functions and muscle movement | Somatic Nervous System (SNS) |
| Part of PNS that has 2 complimatary parts that regulate heart rate, blood pressure, digestion (INNER FUNCTIONS) | Autonomic Nervous System (ANS) |
| Part of ANS with Fight, Flight, or Freeze Response(prepares body for stressful event) | Sympathetic Divison |
| Part of ANS that sustains non stress functioning (Non-Threatining state) | Parasympathetic Divison |
| Partner to nervous system that consists of galnds that secrete chemicals into blood stream called hormones (Hormones are released in ) ************* | Endocrine System |
| In response to fight or flight from sympathatic divison, your endocrine may secrete the hormone ____ into the blood stream | Adrenaline |
| Hormones require more_____ than neurotransmitters | Time |
| "Master Gland" that controls body growth, regulates thyroid and adrenal glands--> Controls adrenal activity *************** | Pituitary Gland |
| This connects brain to the rest of the body through the PNS | Spinal Cord |
| Kneejerk response comes from what kind of neurons in spinal cord*************** | Interneurons |
| Lower/Hind Brain consists of...... | Medulla, Pons, Cerebellum |
| Medulla and Pons are considered(Lowest part of brain) | Brain Stem |
| Medulla is in charge of what | Unconcious but essential funtions |
| Pons "Bridge" conncts what 2 things and is responsible for alterness, focus, and _______ | Brain Stem & Cerebellum Sleep |
| "Little Brain" involved with motor memory and balance | Cerebellum |
| Reticular Activating system (RAS) is located where and matains what and keeps you at a certain level of awarness | Midbrain/ Arousal |
| The limbic system in the forebrain involves controls..... | Emotions/ Motivations/ Memory |
| This limbic System structure is the emotion center and is where your fight or flight response comes from | Amygdela |
| This limbic system structure is where your formation of Long Term Memory happens | Hippocampus |
| This limbic system structure is the relay system for sensory info from the (PNS) to the appropiate place in the brain | Thalamus |
| This limbic system structure is involved with the regulation of basic biological needs and lies beneath the Thalamus | Hypothalmus (HYPO means under) |
| This limbic system structure controls the ANS and serves as link between brain & endocrine system | Hypothalmus(HYPO means under) Under the thalumus |
| This limbic structure controls sexual energy/ fight or flight | Hypothalmus(HYPO means under) Under the thalumus |
| This limbic structure system controls motor rrsponding/ slow movements | Basal Ganglia |
| Parkisons, Huntingtons, Touretts, OCD all come from deteriation of this limbic system structure | Basal Ganglia |
| Large/ outer covering of brain where complex thought and reasoning | Cerebal Cortext |
| Gyrus= x Sulcus= y | x= bump y= hill |
| More surface area of brain means more Gyrues and sulcuses which means | More complex thinking skills |
| Right side of brain controls left side of body and left side of brain controls right side of body is known as what? | Cross Lateralization |
| Logic, Math, Language, Writing= X side of brain Creative, Musical/art, Body control & awarness, Body Control= Y side of brain | X= Left Y= Right |
| Largest Lobe, Controls movement of fine muscle groups, Executive Center of the Brain, Personality Center | Frontal Lobe |
| Phineas Gage was the first person known to survive a brain injury and had damge to this lobe | Fronatal Lobe |
| Phineas Gage accident suggests these 2 ideas:************** | Compartments in brain Plasticity of brain- other parts of brain compensate for damage part |
| Auditory & Ole-Fatory scense are from this lobe************* (Auditory Hallucinations) | Temporal Lobe |
| Visual info are from this lobe*********** | Occipital Lobe |
| Lobe where touch comes from/ enviromental awarness/ pressure, touch, and pain (Hot and Cold) *************** | Parietal Lobe |
| Structure that connects two cerebal hemispheres************* | Corpus Callosum |
| This surgery is done to prevent Grand Mal(Tonic-Clonic) seizures and can result in alien head syndrom************ | Split brain procedure |
| Phrenology- Franz Joseph Gall *************** | Bumps and grooves in brain determine personality/ first to suggest brain is compartmentized |
| Surgical opening (hole) in skull to relieve evil spirits from brain and had suprisingly high recovery rate ************** | Trephining |
| This measures the electrical activity in brain AKA firing neurons. Detects seizures, sleep disorders, head injuries, tumors ******** | EEG |
| This takes a serise of X-Rays in the brain | CAT or CT scan |
| This looks at radioactive traces and can detect cancer cells and can be used to track mental disorders*********** | PET |
| This is a more powerful CT scan by enveloping person in magnetic field | MRI |
| This measures brain activity and is used to detect blood oxedation and flow that occur from neural activity " Read your mind" | fMRI |
| This strip recives info from parietal senses (parietal lobe) | Sensory Strip |
| This strip is part of frontal lobe and helps with voluntary muscalar movements | Motor Strip |
| This controls production of speech in left hemisphere (Muscle movements)*********** | Broca's Area |
| This is in temporal lobe and is involved in speech comprehension & organizing ideas in left hemisphere | Wernicke's Area |
| Why are most mental illnesses considered chemical imbalances********* | Imbalances of neurotransmitters |
Created by:
27braun