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AP Chapter 12
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Central Nervous System (CNS) | Brain & Spinal cord |
| Peripheral Nervous System (PNS) | everything else but brain and spinal cord |
| Nervous Basic Functions | Sensation, Integration, & Response |
| Sensation | need a stimulus |
| Integration | Analyzing & Deciding |
| Response | carries the signal to perform |
| Nervous System Body control | Somatic & Autonomic |
| Somatic (SNS) | conscious perception & voluntary motor responses |
| Autonomic (ANS) | involuntary; homeostasis role |
| Gray matter | mainly cell bodies & dendrites |
| White matter | mainly myelinated axons |
| Nuclei | clusters of cell bodies in CNS |
| Ganglia | clusters of cell bodies in PNS |
| Structural classifications | based on the # of processes attached to cell body (unipolar, bipolar, & multipolar) |
| Functional classifications | based on the direction they transmit nerve impulses (sensory, motor, & interneurons) |
| Sensory neurons | Afferent; receptors to CNS |
| Motor neurons | Efferent; CNS to muscles/ glands |
| Motor neurons | order muscles to contract/ glands to secrete |
| Interneurons | w/in CNS to process info & integrate signals |
| Cholinergic system | Neurotransmitter system based on the ACh |
| Cholinergic system | Nicotinic (excitatory) & Muscarinic (excitatory/inhibitory) |
| Neuron | responsible for electrical signals that communicate info about sensations |
| Glial cells | not neurons; supporting cells; help neurons complete their functions; don't make decision or carry information |
| Glial cells in CNS | Astrocyte, Oligodendrocyte, Microglia, Ependymal cells |
| Astrocyte | mediate the interaction w/ neurons that are non-neurons |
| Oligodendrocyte | produce myelin sheath in CNS |
| Microglia | ingest/digest pathogens; clean debris from Nervous Tissue |
| Ependymal cell | filters blood to make cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) |
| Glial cells in PNS | Schwann & Satellite cells |
| Schwann cells | produce myelinated peripheral axons |
| Satellite cells | intermediators in PNS |
| Ligand-gated potential | open when a ligand (signaling molecule) binds to the extracellular region |
| Mechanically gated channel | opens of the CM's physical distortion; sense touch/pressure |
| Voltage-gated channel | open when inner-membrane become less negative/ positive |
| The Action Potential | triggered when changes in MP reach a threshold |
| Graded Potential | # of change in MP is determined by the stimulus' size that caused it |
| Synapses | Chemical & Electrical |
| Chemical Synapse | a signal (neurotransmitter) is release from one cell & affects other cell |
| Electrical Synapse | direct connection between two cells; ions can pass directly; one cell depolarize & other cell repolarize |
| Postsynaptic effect | depends on the receptor |
| Dual innervation | organs receive signals from both the sympathetic & parasympathetic ANS division |
| Smiling | Facial nerve (CN VII) |
| Talking | Vagus (X) + Hypoglossal (XII) |
| Chewing | Trigeminal (V) |
| Eye movement | Oculomotor (III) , Trochlear (IV), & Abducens (VI) |
| Gray matter | responsible for higher-level processing |
| Perineurium | blood-nerve barrier (protect the fascicle from things) |
| Medulla Oblangata | controls autonomic function; ex: heart rate |
| Precentral gyrus | primary motor cortex |
| Postcentral gyrus | primary sensory cortex |
| Cerebellum | coordinates balance + fine movement |
| Corpus Callosum | connects left + right brain hemisphere |
| Hypothalamus | homeostasis, body temp, hydration, emotions control, etc. |
| chemical synapses types | Nicotic & Messianic receptors; some toxins will also act on these recepotrs |
| Nicotic receptors | ACh causes skeletal muscles to contract |
| Messianic receptors | ACh will cause muscle to relax (inhibition effect) |
| dorsal root ganglion | cluster of cell bodies in the PNS; unipolar neurons |
| plexus | network of nerves; provides more nerve supplies to more axons to the body |
| phrenic nerves | induce contractions in the diaphragm |
| type of organs | somatic & visceral |
| "dura mater" | tough mater |
| dura mater in brain | fibrous CT; really tough & hard covering; sealed to the skull |
| arachnoid mater | wood-like; allow blood vessels to run on the brain |
| subarachnoid space | CSF filled in between arachnoid and pia mater |
| pia mater | soft layer that wraps the gyrus |
| Epidural space | fat layer between bone and dura mater in SC |
| Meningitis | inflammation of the meninges by a bacterial/viral infections; fever, child, nausea, &etc. |
| Meningitis | culture test by withdrawing CSF |
| Cerebrospinal Fluid Circulation | plasma filtrate; makes brain lighter & restrict brain movement |
| Ependymal cell | glial cell that filters blood to make CSF |
| CSF | consist of Protein, amino acids, & glucose, & metabolic waste |
| Blood Brain Barrier | for brain protection; only allow selective nutrients to come in, including fat soluble (alcohol, nicotine, & anesthetics) & some amino acids |
| Sciatic nerves | damage can lead to herniated discs |
| Reflex | cranial & spinal |
| Reflex | inborn & intrinsic |
| Reflex | valuable yet cheap examination tools |
| SNS | one neuron to effectors; no ganglion; always myelinated |
| ANS | 2 neurons to effectors; ganglion present (pre- myelinated, post - unmyelinated); ACh is main neurotransmitter @ ganglion |
| ANS | parasympathetic (ACh) & sympathetic (NE) |
| Ganglion | transfer AP using ATP |
| Parasympathetic | Rest & Digest system; stomach is active; smooth muscles & glucose liver uptake |
| Sympathetic | Fight or Flight response; constrict most vessels; + HR & BP |
| Autonomic tone | brain adjust which need more; dual tone system |
| ANS Synapses | Cholinergic & Adrenergic |
| Cholinergic | release ACh |
| Cholinergic receptors | Nicotic & Muscarinic |
| Nicotic | skeletal muscles always (+) |
| Muscarinic | smooth/cardiac; depend on the organ |
| Adrenergic | release norepinephrine |
| Cerebral Cortex | a continuous layer of gray matter that wraps around either side of the brain; responsible for higher functions of NS |
| Frontal lobe | motor associations |
| Parietal Lobe | Somatosensorial: general body associations |
| Occipital lobe | vision |
| Temporal lobe | primary auditory sensations & long term memory |
| Insula (deep) | emotions & consciousness; self-awareness & pain perception, taste, autonomic control, etc. |
| Insula (deep) | interception: integrate bodily sensation |
| Posterior horn | sensory processing |
| Anterior horn | sends out motor signals to the skeletal muscles |
| Lateral horn | only in thoracic & upper lumbar; central component of sympathetic division of ANS |
| Ganglia | group of cell bodies in PNS w/ axons that are sensory endings; ex: skin |
| Cerebrum | lobes & sulci |
| Thalamus | process all sensory info but smell |
| Hypothalamus | Pituary gland regulations & ANS control |
| Hypothalamus | memory, emotion, & homeostasis regulation |
| Diencephalon | deep beneath the cerebrum; 3rd ventricle walls |
| Diencephalon | Thalamus & Hypothalamus |
| Midbrain | coordinates sensory info (auditory, visual, etc.) |
| Pons | main connect w/ cerebellum |
| Medulla Oblangata | regulation of cardiovascular, respiration, & digestive systems |
| Brain stem | midbrain, pons, & medulla oblangata |
| Cerebellum | compare info w/ cerebrum w/ sensory feedback from the periphery SC; precise SM movements |
| Membrane Potential | increase/decrease based on ion concentration inside & outside the neuron |
| Action Potential in one direction | result of slow restoration of MP in the area just had AP |
| Myelin Sheath | lead to less Na+ gates needing to open along the axon |
| Hypothalamus | controls BT, food & water intake |
| CFS | gives resistance to CNS structures |
| Lateral horns | connect to visceral neurons |
| Plexus | a damage to one spinal segment/root can't completely paralyze a limb muscle |
| Media | innervates forearm wrist & finger flexors |
| Femoral nerves | innervates quadriceps & skin of anterior tight |
| Obturator nerve | innervate adductor muscles |
| Sciatic nerve | supplies entire lower limb |
| Achetylocholine | released at both the ganglion & the effectors in parasympathetic division |
| Homeostasis | result of antagonistic interaction between sympathetic & parasympathetic divisions |
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