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ap bio unit 5 test
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| simple dominance: | regular |
| co-dominance: | can see BOTH traits. ex: black cow + white cow = black cow w/ white spots |
| incomplete dominance: | heterozygote is a MIX = 3 phenotypes. ex: red flower + white flower = pink flower or long + short = medium |
| multiple alleles: | -3+ alleles -ex: blood type, color blindness, rabbit coat color |
| sex-linked: | carried on the X or Y chromosome (humans is X, other animals it can be Y) |
| genotypic ratio vs phenotypic ratio: | genotype: #Bb: #BB phenotype: 3 tall: 3 short |
| nondisjunction: | chromosomes do not seperate properly in anaphase 1 or 2, leading to gametes w/ missing or extra chromosomes. extra chromosome: trisomy. missing chromosome: monsomy |
| chromosomal mutations: | changes in genes: -deletion -duplication -inversion (changing the order) -translocation (moving it to a different spot) |
| goal of meiosis: | to make gametes (egg and sperm), reduce chromosome # by 1/2, and inc genetic diversity |
| crossing over: | -during prophase 1 -chromosomes overlap, exchanging genes/DNA -the actual crossing over point is called Synapsis -this inc genetic diversity |
| independent assortment: | -during metaphase 1 and metaphase 2 -the way the chromosomes line up is random --> when seperating, it inc genetic diversity w/ the many possible combinations (bc remember meiosis divides twice) |
| random fertilization: | AFTER meiosis: this inc genetic diversity from which sperm fertilizes each egg bc each one is different |
| oogensis: | -makes ovum/egg -not continious -1 germ (2n) makes 2 polar bodies and 1 ovum/egg |
| spermatogensis: | -makes sperm -continious -1 germ (2n) makes 4 haploid sperm |
| Aa x Aa: | 1AA: 2Aa: 1aa |
| Aa x aa: | 2Aa: 2aa |
| AA x Aa: | 2AA: 2Aa |
| NnBb x NnBb: | 9:3:3:1 |
| NnBb x nnbb | 1:1:1:1 |
| end products of meiosis: | 4 haploid cells: half the # of chromosomes, 1/4 the amount of dna |
| symbols and colors mean on pedigrees: | circle: female square: male colored in: they have it not colored in: they don't have it |
| null/H0: | there is no statistically significant difference between the observed ratio of "whatever it is" phenotype in F2 generation and expected ratio of "ratio here" |
| alternate hypothesis/H1: | there is a statistically significant difference between observed ratio of "whatever it is" phenotype in F2 generation and expected ratio of "ratio here" |
| when to do fail to reject null hypothesis: | X^2 value is LESS than critical value |
| when to do the null hypothesis is rejected: | X^2 value is GREATER than critical value |
| what to say w/ "fail to reject null hypothesis" (does the data fit the expected ratio?): | FAIL to reject null hypothesis. the x^2 value is LESS than the critical value. there is NO statistically significant difference between the observed ratio of "whatever it is" and expected ratio of "ratio" |
| what to say w/ "the null hypothesis is rejected" (does the data fit the expected ratio?): | Null hypothesis is rejected. the x^2 value is GREATER than the critical value. there IS a statistically significant difference between the observed ratio of "whatever it is" and expected ratio of "ratio" |
| to get degree of freedom: | # of groups - 1 |
| p value to use: | always use 0.05 unless it tells you otherwise! |
| recombination frequency formula: | recombinants/TOTAL (recom + parents) X 100 |
| recombinant frequency number meaning: | # ≥ 50 = unlinked, so not on the chromosome map # < 50 = linked, so it is on the chromosome map |
| parental vs recombinant: | parental: looks like the parents duh, mostly more in # recomb: does not look like the parents, mostly less in # |
| NnBb x NNBb: | 3: 1 |
| rememberrrr: | for chi square, make sure to multiply the TOTAL # with the expected ratio to get expected #. DO NOT do it from the observed!!!! |
| how does environment impact phenotype? | -ex: temp, ph, height and weight on humans -NO mutations -changes gene expression! -inhibit the genes on a certain chromosome that produce proteins necessary for the certain sex development |
| how to know if linked or unlinked based on data table and what was crossed | it is LINKED if the data does NOT fit the expected ratio based on the genotypes stated |
| what to include in answer with "what conclusions can be made..." | -are males and females equally affected? -which traits are dominant? -which traits are recessive? -what is the ratio? -(for longer question:) what is the exp ratio compared to the actual data? what does the data look like? is it linked or unlinked? |
| wildtype meaning: | most "normal" or "common". this can be either dominant or recessive |
| true-breeding meaning: | homozygous all |
Created by:
acuda25