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Anatomy Unit 10
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Skin Characteristics | - maintain homeostais - protective: covers and prevents harmful substances from entering the body |
| Skin - Vitamin D and Wastes | synthesizes vitamin D - excretes small quantities of waste |
| What structures does the skin hold? | - sensory receptors - immune system cells |
| Epidermis Intro | - outer layer - stratified squamous epithelial tissue - 5 layers within this layer |
| Dermis Intro | - inner layer, made of connective tissue - contains collagen, elastic fibers, epithelial tissue, muscle, nervous tissue, blood |
| Hypodermis intro | not considered part of the "skin" - beneath dermis, masses of loose connective tissue and adipose tissue |
| Epidermis blood supply | - no arteries and verins - only reach the bottom layer of epidermis (stratum) Which is why these cells can go through mitosis |
| Dermis blood supply | - branches of arteries and veins reach up through |
| hypodermis blood supply | - Main arteries and veins |
| Epidermis: first layer of skin | - nourished by dermis blood vessels (no blood vessels in epidermis) - mitosis - as new cells enlarge, older epidermal cells get pushed to surface of the skin (die) |
| Keratinization | - older cells hardening - tough, fibrous, waterproof Keratin proteins are synthesized and stored with cell - prevents water loss - found of epidermis top layer |
| Stratum Corneum | - outer most layer, tough keratinized cells, dead cells |
| Stratum lucidum | - palms and soles only, thickened layer |
| Stratum granulosum | - thin layer - start of keratinization as cells die |
| Stratum spinosum | thick layer in epidermis |
| Stratum basale | these cells go through mitosis |
| Thickening of skin | thickest area: palms and soles of feet - other body regions are thinner |
| Production of epidermal cells | - closely balanced with loss of dead cells from stratum corneum - rate of cell division increases in areas where cells are lost more, |
| Color of skin | melanocytes: specialized cells in epidermis (stratum basale) - produce dark pigment - melanin melanin: gives skin its color |
| Dermis: second layer of skin | - composed of connective tissue - collagen fibers, elastic fibers, muscle fibers, nerve fibers Contains: sensory receptors, blood vessels, hair follicles, glands |
| Friction ridges | - uneven boundary between epidermis and dermis - gripping or friction - fingerprints form |
| Hypodermis layer: third layer | consists of: loose connective tissue, adipose tissue Insulates: helps conserve heat, keeps heat out of body Major blood supply: contains major blood supply for skin |
| Tattoos | - pigment resides in dermis - temporary tattoos fall off with dead skin |
| Vitamin D Synthesis | - skin cells produce it - bone and tooth development - UV light from sun gets converted to vitamin D |
| Accessory Organs of skin | - modifications of epidermis - Dead cells make them up Includes: hair follicles, nails, skin glands |
| Hair follicles | hair is present on all skin surfaces but palms, soles, lips, nipples Hair root - embedded in skin Hair shaft - sticks out of skin - keratinized deal cell = hair |
| Hair color | genes determine hair color - melanin is decided by genes Dark hair = lots of melanin Red hair - special iron pigment Albino = no melanin |
| Muscles around hair | Arrector Pili muscles: smooth muscle (involuntary attached to hair follicles) -when muscle contracts, hair follicle stands (goosebumps) |
| Nails | - protective coverings - dead keratinized cells Nail plate = overlies surface Lunula: active growth, white half moon Nail bed = skin surface |
| Sebaceous glandsd | - scattered, not on palms/soles - associated with hair follicles - sebum = fatty material produced - Acne = result of too much - keeps skin soft and waterproof |
| Sweat glands | sudoriferous glands - widespread - coiled - eccrine - apocrine |
| Eccrine glands | - most numerous sweat glands - respond to body temperature - heat, exercise - forehead, neck, back |
| Apocrine glands | - attached to hair follicle - active at puberty - when emotionally stressed/scared Axillary/goin area - Sexual arousal: Analogous - sexual scent gland |
| Ceruminous glands | - external ear - secrete wax |
| Mammary glands | - pectoral region - secrete milk |
| Skin color - genetic factors | - everyone has same # of melaanocytes - different amount of melanin produced causes a different in skin color - gene controlled more melanin = darker skin |
| Skin color - sunlight | - ultraviolet rays from sunlight, sunlamps, x-ray affects color - stimulate melanocytes for more pigment |
| Skin color - carotene | - yellow-orange pigment found in yellow vegetables - yellow skin |
| skin color -blood | oxygenated body- bright red hemoglobin - pink skin not oxygenated body - dark red hemoglobin - blue skin |
| Skin color - blood vessels | vessels dilated - blood towards skin - skin redder Vessels constricts - blood away from skin - skin pale |
| First degree burn | - only epidermis is damaged - localized redness, swelling, pain |
| Second degree burn | - epidermis and upper regions of dermis is damaged -blisters appear |
| Third degree burn | - entire thickness of skin is damaged - gray-white, cherry red, black |
| Critical burns | based on depth/size - face, hands, feet, genitals - 2nd or 3rd degree burn |
| rule of nines | estimate in 9% how much of the body burned |
| Regulation of body temperature | - slightest shift = metabolic reactions rates change significantly - heat produced for lost heat |
| blood shunting | pushing blood in a certain direction |
| Heat production | - muscles produce heat - hypothalamus regulates it - heat travels in blood |
| heat low | - temp drops - hypothalamus detects drop - keep vital organs warm - muscle shiver to move |
| Hyperthermia | overheating of body - sweat cannot evaporate quickly enough |
| Hypothermia | fast mental and physical collapse from the lowering body temperature |
Created by:
Shannonnev0822