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Forensics - Midterm
Midterm (Observation skills, crime scene and evidence collection)
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Define forensic science | the application of scientific knowledge to legal questions. the science we do to support the law |
| define observation | what a person perceives using their 5 senses |
| what is data | facts, figures, other evidence |
| define perception | interpreting info received from the senses |
| define eyewitness | someone who witnessed an event firsthand and gives ther account of the situation |
| why do eyewitness accounts differ from person to person? | eyewitnesses have different interest, stress, concentration, distractions, prejudices, and personal beliefs that influence what they see |
| factors that influence what a person observes | 1. focus and concentration 2. emotional state (extreme happy/sad makes less likely to notice) 3. Whether they were alone, in a group, or near others 4. type/how much activity around them |
| difference between fact and opinion | fact is something that can be verified by evidence and an opinion is an interpretation, inference, and unproved. |
| Why is perception not always reliable? | it isn't always accurate, doesn't always reflect reality, and we fill in info that isn't there |
| summarize the innocence project and what type of evidence it uses | the purpose is to examine post conviction cases (that often have faulty eyewitness accounts) use DNA evidence |
| what must a forensic scientist prepare when testifying for a case? | verbal testimony, evidence, anything that can link a suspect to the crime, eyewitness accounts |
| Direct Evidence | First hand observations (ex. eyewitness accounts, video/audio) |
| Circumstantial Evidence | indirect evidence that can be used to imply a fact (not prove) ex. paint transfers to a vehicle |
| Physical Evidence | all other evidence that is not biological (ex. glass fragments, bullets) |
| Biological Evidence | Any material that is or was alive or from something living (ex. DNA, natural fibers, hair) |
| Class Evidence | narrows an identity to a group of persons or thing (ex. car type) |
| Individual Evidence | narrows an identity to a single person or thing (ex. serial number, fingerprint) |
| Trace Evidence | small but measurable amounts of physical or biological material found at scene (ex. cotton fibers left on broken window) |
| Why is DNA different from all other evidence? | it can directly include or exclude suspect. It is unique to a single person and can even be used to find a suspect through their family members. |
| Difference between primary and secondary transfer | Primary is direct contact of evidence from a source to a final surface. Secondary involves an intermediate element and evidence is transferred from a source, to the intermediate, to the final surface |
| Locard's Exchange Principle | When a person comes in contact with an object or another person, a cross transfer of physical material can occur |
| According to Locard, what type of evidence is transferred when two materials come in contact? | Trace |
| 7 S's of Crime Scene Investigation | Secure the scene, separate the witnesses, scan the scene, see the scene, sketch the scene, search for evidence, secure collect and document evidence |
| What should the first officer do when arriving at the scene? | Secure the scene - prevent people from entering and tampering the with evidence, use blockades/tape |
| Why is it important to document everything at a scene? | so the evidence can be used in court |
| How do investigators systematically search a large outdoor scene? | Marking evidence, collecting limits (Datum: permanent reference, Subdatum, corner of scene) measuring and marking evidence positions |
| Compare primary and secondary crime scenes | Primary is the original location and secondary is not the location where the crime took place but any other location related to the crime |
| Why must a chain of custody be followed + two common errors | chain of custody ensures integrity of evidence and makes sure it can be used in court, common errors are not opening a bag on the non sealed edge and not signing your name across the sealed edge. |
| Methods of collecting and packaging wet/bloody | airtight, non rubber containers, must be air-dried |
| Methods of collecting and packaging arson | airtight, non rubber containers |
| Methods of collecting and packaging trace | brindle: folded paper/paper bag, then placed into an evidence bag |
| Fragile | Bindle, folded paper/paper bag, then placed into an outer envelope and evidence bag |
Created by:
elladunmire