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chapter 2 vocab
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| elements | pure substances that cannot be created or broken down by ordinary chemical means and retain a unique identity |
| compounds | substances composed of two or more different elements joined by chemical bonds in a fixed ratio |
| trace elements | elements required by the body in minute quantities that are essential for physiological processes, often functioning as enzyme cofactors |
| ultratrace elements | elements required in even smaller quantities than trace elements, present in extremely minute amounts |
| isotopes | different forms of the same element that have the same number of protons but different numbers of neutrons, resulting in different atomic masses |
| ionic bonds | chemical bonds that form between ions of opposite charges, typically involving the transfer of electrons from one atom to another |
| covalent bonds | chemical bonds in which two atoms share electrons, forming strong and stable connections |
| hydrogen bonds | weak bonds between a partially positively charged hydrogen atom in one polar molecule and a partially negative charged atom in the same or another polar molecule |
| polarity | a property of a molecule where there is an unequal sharing of electrons, resulting in a slightly positive end and a slightly negative end |
| synthesis reactions | chemical reactions that assemble smaller molecules into larger, more complex ones, often requiring energy |
| decomposition reaction | chemical reactions that break down larger molecules into smaller ones, typically releasing energy |
| catalyst | a substance, usually an enzyme in biological systems, that increases the rate of a chemical reaction without being consumed by itself, by lowering the activation energy required for the reaction to occur |
| electrolytes | substances that dissolve in water to form ions, allowing the solution to conduct electricity. they are essesntial for nerve and muscle function, and fluid balance |
| acidosis | a condition In which the blood pH is below the normal range, making it too acidic |
| alkalosis | a condition in which the blood pH is above the normal range, making it too basic/alkaline |
| organic compounds | molecules that contain both carbon and hydrogen atoms bonded together. they form the basis of living matter |
| inorganic substances | compounds that generally do not contain carbon hydrogen bonds and rarely contain carbon |
| carbohydrates | biological macromolecules used as primary energy sources and for structural support, composed of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen |
| lipids | a class of no polar biological macromolecules that are insoluble in water, used for energy storage, insulation, and cell membrane structure |
| proteins | biological macromolecules composed of one or more chains of amino acids linked by peptide bonds. they have diverse functions including structural support, transport, immunity, and acting as enzymes |
| nucleic acids | biological macromolecules(DNA and RNA) that carry the genetic information of a cell and provide instructions for the cells function, composed of nucleotide monomers |
| enzymes | proteins that act as biological catalyst, accelerating the rate of specific biochemical reactions in the body under conditions compatible with life |
| dna | a double standard polymer of nucleotides that stores the genetic information and hereditary material of the cell |
| rna | a single stranded polymer of nucleotides that is primarily involved in the process of proteins synthesis, as instructed by DNA |
Created by:
alyssapatt10