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UNIT 1 ANATOMY
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| What is anatomy? | Study of human body |
| What is physiology? | Study of the human body functions |
| Why was pre-historic anatomy important? | To see what kind of animals and what parts that they could eat and for artistic purposes. |
| Types of anatomy | Gross - organ systems & organs Microscopic - cells and tissues |
| Types of physiology | Systemic dives into organ systems |
| Necessary life functions | Metabolism, reproductions, response, digestion, movements, growth and development, excretion, and boundaries |
| Survival needs | 1. Atmosphere, 2. maintain body temperature, 3. oxygen, 4. water, 5. nutrients |
| Homeostasis | Maintaining inner stable environment |
| Three steps of homeostasis | Receptor - receives information Control center - makes the decision Effector - Does/carries out the decision |
| Types of feedback | Negative- brings back to homeostasis Positive - going away, only ends in death or outside intervention (ie: childbirth). |
| Integumentary | Body's outer covering, primarily the skin, hair, nails, and glands, acting as a vital protective barrier against germs |
| Endocrine | Body's chemical messenger network, using glands to produce hormones that travel through the bloodstream |
| Respiratory | Vital gas exchange network, bringing oxygen in and expelling carbon dioxide, involving the nose/mouth, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi, and lungs |
| Reproductive | The biological system of organs, fluids, hormones, and chemicals involved in sexual reproduction |
| Cardiovascular | the body's transport network, comprising the heart, blood vessels (arteries, veins, capillaries), and blood, all working to pump and circulate blood, delivering oxygen and nutrients to cells while removing waste like carbon dioxide |
| Lymphatic | Includes the tonsils, spleen, thymus, lymph nodes and lymph vessels |
| Immune | The organs and processes of the body that provide resistance to infection and toxins. Organs include the thymus, bone marrow, and lymph nodes |
| Digestive | Body's complex process and set of organs that break down food into nutrients for energy, growth, and repair. Mouth, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine, anus, supported by the liver, pancreas, gallbladder, and salivary glands |
| Skeletal | The body's internal framework, composed of bones, cartilage, ligaments, and joints |
| Muscular | An organ system with over 650 muscles that enables movement, maintains posture, circulates blood, and generates heat |
| Nervous | Body's command center, using electrical signals (neurons) to receive information (senses), process it (brain/spinal cord) |
| Endocrine | Body's chemical messenger network, using glands to produce hormones that travel through the bloodstream to regulate vital functions like growth, metabolism, mood, reproduction, and stress response |
| Urinary | Filters blood to remove waste and excess water, producing urine, and includes the kidneys, ureters, bladder, and urethra |
| Medical imaging | Provide images of soft internal structures, non invasive. |
| Types of medical imaging | Ultra sound = moving objects CT scan = more refined, radiation, quick scans of bones and trauma X-ray = oldest, radiation MRI = magnetic resonance imaging, more refined, soft tissue |
| Cell theory | All living things are made cells, cells come from preexisting cells, cells have sizes, shapes, and function, cells must work together, |
| Phospholipid bilayer | Boundaries, semi- permeable, transports, receptors, communications, attachment area. |
| Tight | Forming a barrier that controls what passes between cells (the paracellular pathway) to separate body compartments, maintain fluid balance, and define cell polarity. Digestive & urinary |
| Gap | Channels that join together and heart.A specialized channel connecting the cytoplasm of two adjacent cells, allowing direct passage of ions, small molecules, and electrical signals, crucial for rapid communication and coordination |
| Desmosomes | Desmosomes are strong "spot-weld" anchors connecting intermediate filaments to provide mechanical strength, preventing cells from pulling apart |
| Cytoplasm | Cytosol - cell solution/fluid Inclusion - particles including carbohydrates, ions, and proteins Organelles - different functions |
| Nucleus | Storing genetic material (DNA), controlling cell growth and reproduction, regulating gene expression, directing protein synthesis, and producing ribosomes. Mature red blood cells has 0 for storage and skeletal has two for protein synthesis |
| Nucleolus | Making ribosomes (ribosome biogenesis) by synthesizing ribosomal RNA (rRNA) and combining it with proteins, forming the cell's protein-making machinery |
| Mitochondria | Generate most of the cell's energy (ATP) through oxidative phosphorylation, but they also manage critical functions like calcium signaling, heat production, cell growth, differentiation, and apoptosis (programmed cell death). |
| Peroxisomes | Detoxifying harmful reactive oxygen species (ROS) like hydrogen peroxide (\(H_{2}O_{2}\)) into water and oxygen, using the enzyme catalase. Heavily concentrated in the liver. |
| Lysosomes | The cell's digestive and recycling center, using powerful enzymes to break down waste, old cell parts |
| Vesicles | "Delivery trucks," functioning to transport (proteins, lipids, waste), store, digest, and even secrete substances |
| Vacuoles | Storage, often found in plant cells and fat/adipose cells for storage. |
| Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum | Protein synthesis, folding, modification (like adding sugars), and quality control |
| Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum | Lipid synthesis, producing lipids, phospholipids, and steroids (like hormones) |
| Golgi Body | The cell's post office, modifying, sorting, and packaging proteins and lipids from the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) into vesicles. |
| Cytoskeleton | Composed of microfilaments and microtubules. Tracks for intracellular transport, providing cell shape, and essential for cell division (mitosis/meiosis) by segregating chromosomes, and forming structures like cilia/flagella |
| Ribosomes | Makes proteins |
| Prophase | Chromosomes condense into chromatin, nuclear membrane starts to deteriorate, centrosomes move apart, and the mitotic spindle (microtubules) starts forming |
| Metaphase | Chromosomes line up and centromeres attach and line up vertically. |
| Anaphase | Chromatids are pulled apart into chromosomes and cytokineses splits |
| Telophase | Nuclear membrane forms, chromosomes unwind in to chromatin. |
| Stem Cells | Unspecialized cells. Pluripotent: restricted in the things that they can become (blood, bone marrow, and connective tissue), totipotent : can become anything (embryos). |
| Aging and cancer | Wear and tear theory: cells stop after a long period of time, immune system disorder: fights against itself and common in older individuals, telomeres: caps of chromosomes because they shorten with each cell division, acting like a cellular clock. |
| Solute | What is getting dissolved |
| Solvent | What is doing the dissolving |
| Solution | Mixture of solute and solvent |
| Filtration | Squeezing things out of porous things due to pressure. Type of passive transport where water and solutes move across a semipermeable membrane from an area of high hydrostatic pressure to low pressure |
Created by:
nuhaSalim