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history vocab terms
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Democracy | A form of governance that is ruled by the people. It served as the basis for many different countries and other forms of government. |
| Socratic Method | A method of thinking that came about by Socrates. It encouraged people to question everything and challenge their own beliefs. |
| Republic | Government where elected leaders make the decisions for the government. Helped to create systems of government that were strong and able to support large populations. |
| Tyranny | The act of abusing one's power and making decisions that only supported yourself. This served as the causes for many revolts and revolutions. |
| Autocracy | Type of government where only one person had full power. It had an impact since it took away many people's personal freedoms. |
| Divine Right | Conformity to the laws through God. It was influential because it led China to establish the Mandate of Heaven. |
| Legitimate Rule | The recognition of the government as authority and accepting their ways of ruling. It helps the government to maintain authority and avoids uprisings or challenges. |
| Despots | Tyrannical rulers who had absolute rule over society. An example could be Frederick II. They used their power to bring change for both societal and political purposes. |
| Absolute Monarchy | A type of monarchy where they are subject to no one else or the law. It further established the dynamic rule or legitimacy through birthright. |
| Limited Monarchy | A political system where the powers are shared with multiple branches. It came about from the enlightenment and helped the further development of constitutional monarchies. |
| Scientific Revolution | A period of time where philosophers thrived and many new ideas came about. These ideas shaped the way society functions today. |
| Enlightenment | A period of time where philosophy thrived and the thinkers were able to provide useful, and influential information. It was important since the ideas that came about helped to later create constitutions or laws. |
| Natural Rights | The rights that people are born with. It included life, liberty, and property. This idea came about from Locke and was used to help establish the laws for many countries in the future. |
| Social Contract | An agreement between the people that came about because of Rousseau. It would serve as the basis for constitutions. |
| Checks and Balances | An idea from Montesquieu in which states that power is separated into smaller groups of committees. It made it so that power is not concentrated within one group. |
| Separation of Powers | The division of government authority into three, separate branches to avoid one branch gaining too much power. This influenced the U.S constitution. |
| Revolution | A change that occurs usually through force, and aims to overthrow the government or establish a new political system. |
| Constitution | A set of rules or principles that explain how a state is governed. It defines the structures, rights, and powers. |
| Feudalism | A class structure based on loyalty and services in exchange for land. It started with the King and went down to the peasants. |
| Hierarchy | The ranking of one's status in society. It organized the roles and responsibilities of each individual and created inequality. |
| Bourgeoisie | The third estate consisted mostly of peasants and some urban workers. They were treated very poorly and were always outvoted by the other estates. |
| Liberty | The state in which an individual is free from restrictions. In history, it is a key focus of political movements, revolutions, and helps to establish constitutions. |
| Conservative | Political ideology that favors the traditional ways of practices, and only partakes in minimal government change. They have played a big role in maintaining a pre-established form of society. |
| Moderate/Liberals | People who advocate for changes in society. This includes equality, freedoms, and government accountability. |
| Radical | Took control of the Assembly because they wanted a new legislative body. They wanted to extend suffrage and voted to abolish Monarchy by creating a republic and making a new constitution. |
| Ag Revolution | A time where there were many advancements in technology and production. There was the creation of machinery and other useful tools that made factory work easier and more efficient. |
| Industrialization | The social and economic changes for a society. It had the purpose of manufacturing and had a result of not having a cottage industry. |
| Factors of Production | It includes land, labor, capital, and entrepreneurship. It was one of the items that needed to be present for industrialization to occur, making it an extremely impactful element. |
| Means of Production | Controlling the distribution of and the process of industrialization. |
| Inventions | There were inventions like the steam engine and steamboat which made it possible for factories to run efficiently and properly. It is also easier for trade. |
| Urbanization | The movement from rural to urban. It was a mass migration into cities for the purpose of jobs bt left many people homeless and in poor conditions. |
| Economics | The study of production, distribution, and consumption of goods and services. |
| Capitalism | An ideology where the industry and trade are controlled by private owners, and there was a free market. |
| Utilitarianism | A modification of the Laissez-faire that limited government involvement and prompted the freedom of individuals. It further led to majority rule and minority rights. |
| Socialism | An idea that focused on the good of society and recognized the negatives of capitalism. It helped to recognize the income gap between the rich and poor. |
| Communism | A form of socialism created by Karl Marx where all property was commonly owned in a classless system. It had the economy as the driving force throughout history. |
| Proletariat | The working class. They were more powerful than the bourgeoisie. |
| Social Darwinism | The idea of survival of the fittest which stated that the rich were more powerful and superior than the poor. It allowed for the justification of widespread racism. |
| Nationalism | The idea of survival of the fittest which stated that the rich were more powerful and superior than the poor. It allowed for the justification of widespread racism. |
| Extreme Nationalism | Believing that one’s country is of a higher status and superiority than the others. It led to internal conflict, discrimination, and war. |
| Unification | The act of bringing the country together as a whole. It made it so that there was a smaller level of conflict between the people. |
| Toussaint Louverture | Leader from Haiti who led a slave revolt. It lasted for 13 years but eventually made Haiti the first independent state in Latin America. |
| Miguel Hidalgo | A priest in the year 1810. He roused a band of indigenous and mixed people. They ended up being beaten by the Spanish who were aided by the Creoles. |
| Simon Bolivar | Leader of revolts in Venezuela, Columbia, and Ecuador in 1810. Helped to unify as Gran Colombia in 1819. |
| Jose de San Martin | From Argentina, and liberated Argentina by the year 1810. In 1817, he attacked many places before deciding to join forces with Simon Bolivar in 1824. |
| Sardinia/Piedmont | State in Italy that helped to unify Italy in the 19th century. |
| Francis Joseph | The Emperor of Austria who played a big role in European politics. |
| Balkans | A cultural region in Southeast Europe who were under Ottoman rule. They had many conflicts among themselves as well as independence movements. |
| Prussia | A German state which was a big part of European politics. They helped to unify Germany, and focused on European affairs. |
| Imperialism | The act of extending a country’s power or control by acquiring other territories through the power of government or military forces. Helped to advance the 3 motives. |
| Geopolitics | A foreign policy that is influenced by economic and geographic factors. It influenced politics, economics, and power struggles. |
| Economic Motive | Gold. It included raw materials, new markets, and new investments . |
| Political Motive | Glory. Two factors were geopolitics and strategic location. |
| Social Motive | God. There were ideas such as humanitarianism and paternalism which further resulted in social darwinism. |
| External Forces | They include technological advances such as weapons, transportation, and medicine. This made it easier for them to get by and also allowed for Europe to travel to inland Africa. |
| Internal Forces | It includes the variety of cultures and languages, a lower level of technology, and economic strife. |
| Strategic Location | Using harbors, islands, or territories as supplies outposts. Allowed for the stop of competing nation’s expansion |
| Protectorate | An agreement where someone will protect you but you have to ally with or work with someone else. |
| Direct Control | Brought in soldiers and officials to rule. They had a goal to base all governments only on European styles. |
| Indirect Control | Protectorate. Had local government officials to rule and had an end goal of developing future leaders. |
| Sphere of Influence | An economic motive where there was no political influence or control. It meant that there were exclusive rights claimed to investments and trade. |
| Colonialism | Gaining full or partial control over another country that already has settlers. It allowed for the acquired land to be exploited and allowed for systems of power to be established. |
| Paternalism | The idea of the Europeans being “parents” to the African cultures. It was a social motive for European imperialism. |
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